Abstract：
Prenatal maternal stressors ranging in severity from everyday occurrences/hassles to the experience of traumatic events negatively impact neurodevelopment, increasing the risk for the onset of psychopathology in the offspring. Notably, the timing of prenatal stress exposure plays a critical role in determining the nature and severity of subsequent neurodevelopmental outcomes. In this review, we evaluate the empirical evidence regarding temporal windows of heightened vulnerability to prenatal stress with respect to motor, cognitive, language, and behavioural development in both human and animal studies. We also explore potential temporal windows whereby several mechanisms may mediate prenatal stress-induced neurodevelopmental effects, namely, excessive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, altered serotonin signalling and sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system, changes in placental function, immune system dysregulation, and alterations of the gut microbiota. While broadly defined developmental windows are apparent for specific psychopathological outcomes, inconsistencies arise when more complex cognitive and behavioural outcomes are considered. Novel approaches to track molecular markers reflective of the underlying aetiologies throughout gestation to identify tractable biomolecular signatures corresponding to critical vulnerability periods are urgently required.
摘要：
产前产妇应激源的严重程度，从日常事件/麻烦到创伤性事件的经历对神经发育产生负面影响，增加后代精神病理学发作的风险。值得注意的是,产前应激暴露的时机在确定后续神经发育结局的性质和严重程度方面起着至关重要的作用.在这次审查中,我们评估了关于运动对产前应激的脆弱性增加的时间窗口的经验证据，认知，语言,以及人类和动物研究中的行为发展。我们还探索了潜在的时间窗口，其中几种机制可能介导产前应激诱导的神经发育效应，即,下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴过度活动，改变血清素信号和交感-肾上腺-髓质系统，胎盘功能的变化，免疫系统失调，和肠道微生物群的改变。虽然广泛定义的发育窗口对于特定的精神病理学结果是显而易见的，当考虑更复杂的认知和行为结果时,会出现不一致.迫切需要新的方法来跟踪反映整个妊娠期潜在病因的分子标记，以识别与关键脆弱性时期相对应的可处理的生物分子特征。
