Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Opioid use disorder (OUD) has a considerable morbidity and mortality in the United States. Healthcare providers are key points of contact for those with OUD; however, some providers may hold stigma toward OUD. Stigma toward OUD can lead to lower quality of care and more negative health outcomes. Thus, new trainings designed to reduce stigma toward OUD while increasing empathy are critical. We created a web-based cinematic virtual reality (cine-VR) training program on OUD for osteopathic medical students.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this pilot study was to assess changes in stigma toward OUD and empathy before and after the online cine-VR training program on OUD.
METHODS: We employed a single-arm, pre- and posttest pilot study to assess changes in stigma toward OUD and empathy. Osteopathic medical students from one large medical school in the Midwest with three campuses were invited to participate in the online cine-VR training. Participants completed two surveys before and after the cine-VR training. We performed paired t tests to examine changes in stigma toward OUD and empathy scores before and after the cine-VR OUD training program.
RESULTS: A total of 48 participants completed the training. We observed a decrease in stigma toward OUD posttraining (t=4.402, p<0.001); this change had a Cohen\'s d of 0.64, indicating a medium effect. We also observed an increase in participants\' empathy scores posttraining (t=-2.376, p=0.023), with a Cohen\'s d of 0.40 signifying a small effect.
CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this pilot study suggest that the online cine-VR training may reduce stigma toward OUD while increasing empathy. Future research employing a randomized controlled trial design with a larger, more diverse sample and a proper attention control condition is needed to confirm the effectiveness of the online cine-VR training. If confirmed, this cine-VR training may be an accessible approach to educating osteopathic medical students about OUD.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this pilot study was to assess changes in stigma toward OUD and empathy before and after the online cine-VR training program on OUD.
METHODS: We employed a single-arm, pre- and posttest pilot study to assess changes in stigma toward OUD and empathy. Osteopathic medical students from one large medical school in the Midwest with three campuses were invited to participate in the online cine-VR training. Participants completed two surveys before and after the cine-VR training. We performed paired t tests to examine changes in stigma toward OUD and empathy scores before and after the cine-VR OUD training program.
RESULTS: A total of 48 participants completed the training. We observed a decrease in stigma toward OUD posttraining (t=4.402, p<0.001); this change had a Cohen\'s d of 0.64, indicating a medium effect. We also observed an increase in participants\' empathy scores posttraining (t=-2.376, p=0.023), with a Cohen\'s d of 0.40 signifying a small effect.
CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this pilot study suggest that the online cine-VR training may reduce stigma toward OUD while increasing empathy. Future research employing a randomized controlled trial design with a larger, more diverse sample and a proper attention control condition is needed to confirm the effectiveness of the online cine-VR training. If confirmed, this cine-VR training may be an accessible approach to educating osteopathic medical students about OUD.
摘要：
背景：阿片类药物使用障碍（OUD）在美国有相当大的发病率和死亡率。医疗保健提供者是OUD患者的关键联系点；然而，一些提供者可能对OUD持有耻辱。对OUD的污名会导致护理质量下降和更负面的健康结果。因此，旨在减少对OUD的污名化，同时增加同理心的新培训至关重要。我们在OUD上为骨科医学生创建了基于网络的电影虚拟现实（cine-VR）培训计划。
目的：这项初步研究的目的是评估在OUD的在线cine-VR训练计划前后对OUD的污名和同理心的变化。
方法：我们采用了单臂，测试前和测试后的试点研究，以评估对OUD和同理心的污名变化。来自中西部一所拥有三个校区的大型医学院的整骨医学生被邀请参加在线cine-VR培训。参与者在cine-VR训练前后完成了两项调查。我们进行了配对t检验，以检查cine-VROUD训练计划前后对OUD的污名和同理心得分的变化。
结果：共有48名参与者完成了培训。我们观察到训练后OUD的柱头减少（t=4.402，p<0.001）；这种变化的Cohen'sd为0.64，表明效果中等。我们还观察到参与者在训练后的移情分数增加(t=-2.376，p=0.023)，科恩的d为0.40，表示效果很小。
结论：这项初步研究的结果表明，在线cine-VR训练可以减少对OUD的污名，同时增加同理心。未来的研究采用随机对照试验设计，需要更多样化的样本和适当的注意力控制条件来确认在线cine-VR训练的有效性。如果确认,这种cine-VR培训可能是对骨科医学院学生进行OUD教育的一种可行方法。
目的：这项初步研究的目的是评估在OUD的在线cine-VR训练计划前后对OUD的污名和同理心的变化。
方法：我们采用了单臂，测试前和测试后的试点研究，以评估对OUD和同理心的污名变化。来自中西部一所拥有三个校区的大型医学院的整骨医学生被邀请参加在线cine-VR培训。参与者在cine-VR训练前后完成了两项调查。我们进行了配对t检验，以检查cine-VROUD训练计划前后对OUD的污名和同理心得分的变化。
结果：共有48名参与者完成了培训。我们观察到训练后OUD的柱头减少（t=4.402，p<0.001）；这种变化的Cohen'sd为0.64，表明效果中等。我们还观察到参与者在训练后的移情分数增加(t=-2.376，p=0.023)，科恩的d为0.40，表示效果很小。
结论：这项初步研究的结果表明，在线cine-VR训练可以减少对OUD的污名，同时增加同理心。未来的研究采用随机对照试验设计，需要更多样化的样本和适当的注意力控制条件来确认在线cine-VR训练的有效性。如果确认,这种cine-VR培训可能是对骨科医学院学生进行OUD教育的一种可行方法。
