Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Adolescents raised in families with different maternal and paternal parenting combinations exhibit variations in neurocognition and psychopathology; however, whether neural differences exist remains unexplored. This study used a longitudinal twin sample to delineate how different parenting combinations influence adolescent brain structure and to elucidate the genetic contribution.
METHODS: A cohort of 216 twins participated in parenting assessments during early adolescence and underwent MRI scanning during middle adolescence. We utilized latent profile analysis to distinguish between various maternal and paternal parenting profiles and subsequently investigated their influences on brain anatomy. Biometric analysis was applied to assess the genetic influences on brain structure, and associations with internalizing symptoms were explored.
RESULTS: In early adolescence, four parenting profiles emerged characterized by levels of harshness and hostility in one or both parents. Compared to adolescents in \"catparent\" families (low harshness/hostility in both parents), those raised in \"tigermom\" families (harsh/hostile mother only) exhibited smaller nucleus accumbens volume and larger temporal cortex surface area; those in \"tigerdad\" families demonstrated larger thalamus volumes; those in \"tigerparent\" families displayed smaller volumes in the mid-anterior corpus callosum. Genetic risk factors contributed significantly to the observed brain structural heterogeneity and internalizing symptoms. However, the influences of parenting profiles and brain structure on internalizing symptoms were not significant.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings underscore distinct brain structural features linked to maternal and paternal parenting combinations, particularly in terms of subcortical volume and cortical surface area. This study suggests an interdependent role of maternal and paternal parenting in shaping adolescent neurodevelopment.
METHODS: A cohort of 216 twins participated in parenting assessments during early adolescence and underwent MRI scanning during middle adolescence. We utilized latent profile analysis to distinguish between various maternal and paternal parenting profiles and subsequently investigated their influences on brain anatomy. Biometric analysis was applied to assess the genetic influences on brain structure, and associations with internalizing symptoms were explored.
RESULTS: In early adolescence, four parenting profiles emerged characterized by levels of harshness and hostility in one or both parents. Compared to adolescents in \"catparent\" families (low harshness/hostility in both parents), those raised in \"tigermom\" families (harsh/hostile mother only) exhibited smaller nucleus accumbens volume and larger temporal cortex surface area; those in \"tigerdad\" families demonstrated larger thalamus volumes; those in \"tigerparent\" families displayed smaller volumes in the mid-anterior corpus callosum. Genetic risk factors contributed significantly to the observed brain structural heterogeneity and internalizing symptoms. However, the influences of parenting profiles and brain structure on internalizing symptoms were not significant.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings underscore distinct brain structural features linked to maternal and paternal parenting combinations, particularly in terms of subcortical volume and cortical surface area. This study suggests an interdependent role of maternal and paternal parenting in shaping adolescent neurodevelopment.
摘要：
背景：在具有不同母亲和父亲教养组合的家庭中长大的青少年在神经认知和精神病理学方面表现出差异；然而，神经差异是否存在仍有待探索。这项研究使用了纵向双胞胎样本来描绘不同的育儿组合如何影响青少年的大脑结构，并阐明了遗传贡献。
方法：216对双胞胎在青春期早期参与了育儿评估，并在青春期中期接受了MRI扫描。我们利用潜在的概况分析来区分各种母亲和父亲的养育概况，并随后研究了它们对大脑解剖结构的影响。生物识别分析用于评估遗传对大脑结构的影响，并探讨了与内化症状的关联。
结果：在青春期早期，出现了四个育儿概况，其特征是父母一方或双方的严厉和敌意程度。与“猫父母”家庭中的青少年相比（父母双方的严厉程度/敌意程度较低），在“老虎妈妈”家庭（仅严厉/敌对母亲）中长大的人表现出伏隔核体积较小，颞叶皮层表面积较大；在“老虎妈妈”家庭中的人表现出较大的丘脑体积；在“老虎妈妈”家庭中的人表现出较小的体积。遗传风险因素对观察到的大脑结构异质性和内在化症状有重要贡献。然而,父母身份和大脑结构对内化症状的影响不显著。
结论：研究结果强调了与母亲和父亲的育儿组合有关的独特的大脑结构特征，特别是在皮层下体积和皮层表面积方面。这项研究表明，母亲和父亲的养育方式在塑造青少年神经发育方面具有相互依存的作用。
方法：216对双胞胎在青春期早期参与了育儿评估，并在青春期中期接受了MRI扫描。我们利用潜在的概况分析来区分各种母亲和父亲的养育概况，并随后研究了它们对大脑解剖结构的影响。生物识别分析用于评估遗传对大脑结构的影响，并探讨了与内化症状的关联。
结果：在青春期早期，出现了四个育儿概况，其特征是父母一方或双方的严厉和敌意程度。与“猫父母”家庭中的青少年相比（父母双方的严厉程度/敌意程度较低），在“老虎妈妈”家庭（仅严厉/敌对母亲）中长大的人表现出伏隔核体积较小，颞叶皮层表面积较大；在“老虎妈妈”家庭中的人表现出较大的丘脑体积；在“老虎妈妈”家庭中的人表现出较小的体积。遗传风险因素对观察到的大脑结构异质性和内在化症状有重要贡献。然而,父母身份和大脑结构对内化症状的影响不显著。
结论：研究结果强调了与母亲和父亲的育儿组合有关的独特的大脑结构特征，特别是在皮层下体积和皮层表面积方面。这项研究表明，母亲和父亲的养育方式在塑造青少年神经发育方面具有相互依存的作用。
