PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: Incentive salience processes are important for the development and maintenance of addiction. Eye characteristics such as gaze fixation time, pupil diameter, and spontaneous eyeblink rate (EBR) are theorized to reflect incentive salience and may serve as useful biomarkers. However, conventional cue exposure paradigms have limitations that may impede accurate assessment of these markers.
UNASSIGNED: This study sought to evaluate the validity of these eye-tracking metrics as indicators of incentive salience within a virtual reality (VR) environment replicating real-world situations of nicotine and tobacco product (NTP) use.
UNASSIGNED: NTP users from the community were recruited and grouped by NTP use patterns: nondaily (n=33) and daily (n=75) use. Participants underwent the NTP cue VR paradigm and completed measures of nicotine craving, NTP use history, and VR-related assessments. Eye-gaze fixation time (attentional bias) and pupillometry in response to NTP versus control cues and EBR during the active and neutral VR scenes were recorded and analyzed using ANOVA and analysis of covariance models.
UNASSIGNED: Greater subjective craving, as measured by the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire-Short Form, following active versus neutral scenes was observed (F1,106=47.95; P<.001). Greater mean eye-gaze fixation time (F1,106=48.34; P<.001) and pupil diameter (F1,102=5.99; P=.02) in response to NTP versus control cues were also detected. Evidence of NTP use group effects was observed in fixation time and pupillometry analyses, as well as correlations between these metrics, NTP use history, and nicotine craving. No significant associations were observed with EBR.
UNASSIGNED: This study provides additional evidence for attentional bias, as measured via eye-gaze fixation time, and pupillometry as useful biomarkers of incentive salience, and partially supports theories suggesting that incentive salience diminishes as nicotine dependence severity increases.
UNASSIGNED: This study sought to evaluate the validity of these eye-tracking metrics as indicators of incentive salience within a virtual reality (VR) environment replicating real-world situations of nicotine and tobacco product (NTP) use.
UNASSIGNED: NTP users from the community were recruited and grouped by NTP use patterns: nondaily (n=33) and daily (n=75) use. Participants underwent the NTP cue VR paradigm and completed measures of nicotine craving, NTP use history, and VR-related assessments. Eye-gaze fixation time (attentional bias) and pupillometry in response to NTP versus control cues and EBR during the active and neutral VR scenes were recorded and analyzed using ANOVA and analysis of covariance models.
UNASSIGNED: Greater subjective craving, as measured by the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire-Short Form, following active versus neutral scenes was observed (F1,106=47.95; P<.001). Greater mean eye-gaze fixation time (F1,106=48.34; P<.001) and pupil diameter (F1,102=5.99; P=.02) in response to NTP versus control cues were also detected. Evidence of NTP use group effects was observed in fixation time and pupillometry analyses, as well as correlations between these metrics, NTP use history, and nicotine craving. No significant associations were observed with EBR.
UNASSIGNED: This study provides additional evidence for attentional bias, as measured via eye-gaze fixation time, and pupillometry as useful biomarkers of incentive salience, and partially supports theories suggesting that incentive salience diminishes as nicotine dependence severity increases.
摘要：
■激励显着性过程对于成瘾的发展和维持很重要。眼睛特征，如凝视时间，瞳孔直径,和自发眨眼率（EBR）被理论化以反映激励显著性，并且可以作为有用的生物标志物。然而,传统的线索暴露范例有局限性,可能会妨碍对这些标志物的准确评估.
■本研究旨在评估这些眼动追踪指标作为虚拟现实（VR）环境中激励显著性指标的有效性，该环境复制了尼古丁和烟草产品（NTP）使用的现实环境。
■来自社区的NTP用户被招募并按NTP使用模式分组：非每日（n=33）和每日（n=75）使用。参与者接受了NTP提示VR范例，并完成了尼古丁渴望的测量，NTP使用历史记录,和VR相关的评估。使用ANOVA和协方差模型分析记录并分析了在活动和中性VR场景中响应NTP与对照线索和EBR的眼睛注视时间（注意偏差）和瞳孔测量。
■更大的主观渴望，根据烟草渴望问卷的简表，观察到以下活动场景与中性场景(F1,106=47.95；P<.001)。还检测到响应于NTP与对照提示的平均眼睛注视时间（F1,106=48.34；P<.001）和瞳孔直径（F1,102=5.99；P=.02）。在固定时间和瞳孔测量分析中观察到NTP使用组效应的证据，以及这些指标之间的相关性，NTP使用历史记录,和尼古丁的渴望。未观察到与EBR的显著关联。
■这项研究为注意偏差提供了额外的证据，通过眼睛注视时间测量，和瞳孔测量作为激励显著性的有用生物标志物，部分支持的理论表明，激励显著性随着尼古丁依赖严重程度的增加而降低。
■本研究旨在评估这些眼动追踪指标作为虚拟现实（VR）环境中激励显著性指标的有效性，该环境复制了尼古丁和烟草产品（NTP）使用的现实环境。
■来自社区的NTP用户被招募并按NTP使用模式分组：非每日（n=33）和每日（n=75）使用。参与者接受了NTP提示VR范例，并完成了尼古丁渴望的测量，NTP使用历史记录,和VR相关的评估。使用ANOVA和协方差模型分析记录并分析了在活动和中性VR场景中响应NTP与对照线索和EBR的眼睛注视时间（注意偏差）和瞳孔测量。
■更大的主观渴望，根据烟草渴望问卷的简表，观察到以下活动场景与中性场景(F1,106=47.95；P<.001)。还检测到响应于NTP与对照提示的平均眼睛注视时间（F1,106=48.34；P<.001）和瞳孔直径（F1,102=5.99；P=.02）。在固定时间和瞳孔测量分析中观察到NTP使用组效应的证据，以及这些指标之间的相关性，NTP使用历史记录,和尼古丁的渴望。未观察到与EBR的显著关联。
■这项研究为注意偏差提供了额外的证据，通过眼睛注视时间测量，和瞳孔测量作为激励显著性的有用生物标志物，部分支持的理论表明，激励显著性随着尼古丁依赖严重程度的增加而降低。
