Abstract：
Bioactive peptides from brewer\'s spent grain (BSG) and brewer\'s spent yeast (BSY), two by-products of the brewing industry, have great potential as functional food ingredients, dietary supplements or nutraceuticals to reduce the risk of numerous pathological conditions. Nevertheless, the oral administration of these peptides poses great challenges since peptides must undergo gastrointestinal digestion, intestinal absorption and hepatic metabolism, which can affect their bioavailability and, therefore, the expected outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of the potential impact of the oral route on the bioactivity of BSG/BSY peptides as assessed by in vitro assays and identifies research gaps that require novel approaches/methodologies. The data collected indicate that in addition to the significant influence of gastrointestinal digestion, intestinal absorption and hepatic metabolism also have a major impact on the bioactivity of brewing peptides. The major gap identified was the insufficient evidence regarding hepatic metabolism, which points for the need of employing in vitro assays in this research field to provide such clarification. Thus, to reach the market, the impact of the oral route on the bioactivities of BSG/BSY peptides must be properly studied in vitro to allow adequate/effective administration (dosage/frequency) with a beneficial impact on the population health.
摘要：
来自啤酒厂废谷物（BSG）和啤酒厂废酵母（BSY）的生物活性肽，酿造工业的两种副产品，作为功能性食品成分具有巨大潜力，膳食补充剂或营养食品，以减少许多病理状况的风险。然而，这些肽的口服给药带来了巨大的挑战，因为肽必须经过胃肠道消化，肠道吸收和肝脏代谢，这会影响它们的生物利用度，因此,预期的结果。这篇综述提供了口服途径对BSG/BSY肽生物活性的潜在影响的全面和关键分析，如通过体外测定评估，并确定了需要新方法/方法的研究空白。收集的数据表明，除了胃肠道消化的显着影响，肠道吸收和肝脏代谢也对酿造肽的生物活性有重要影响。发现的主要差距是关于肝脏代谢的证据不足，这表明需要在该研究领域采用体外测定来提供这种澄清。因此，进入市场,必须在体外适当研究口服途径对BSG/BSY肽生物活性的影响,以允许充分/有效的给药(剂量/频率),并对人群健康产生有益影响。
