Abstract：
The Cenozoic topographic development of the Himalaya-Tibet orogen (HTO) substantially affected the paleoenvironment and biodiversity patterns of High Asia. However, concepts on the evolution and paleoenvironmental history of the HTO differ massively in timing, elevational increase and sequence of surface uplift of the different elements of the orogen. Using target enrichment of a large set of transcriptome-derived markers, ancestral range estimation and paleoclimatic niche modelling, we assess a recently proposed concept of a warm temperate paleo-Tibet in Asian spiny frogs of the tribe Paini and reconstruct their historical biogeography. That concept was previously developed in invertebrates. Because of their early evolutionary origin, low dispersal capacity, high degree of local endemism, and strict dependence on temperature and humidity, the cladogenesis of spiny frogs may echo the evolution of the HTO paleoenvironment. We show that diversification of main lineages occurred during the early to Mid-Miocene, while the evolution of alpine taxa started during the late Miocene/early Pliocene. Our distribution and niche modelling results indicate range shifts and niche stability that may explain the modern disjunct distributions of spiny frogs. They probably maintained their (sub)tropical or (warm)temperate preferences and moved out of the ancestral paleo-Tibetan area into the Himalaya as the climate shifted, as opposed to adapting in situ. Based on ancestral range estimation, we assume the existence of low-elevation, climatically suitable corridors across paleo-Tibet during the Miocene along the Kunlun, Qiangtang and/or Gangdese Shan. Our results contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and processes of faunal evolution in the HTO.
摘要：
喜马拉雅-西藏造山带（HTO）的新生代地形发展极大地影响了高亚洲的古环境和生物多样性模式。然而,关于HTO的演化和古环境历史的概念在时间上大不相同，造山带不同元素的海拔增加和表面隆起顺序。使用大量转录组来源的标记的目标富集，祖先范围估计和古气候生态位建模，我们评估了最近提出的关于Paini部落的亚洲多刺青蛙的温带古西藏的概念，并重建了其历史生物地理。这个概念以前是在无脊椎动物中发展起来的。由于它们早期的进化起源，低分散能力，地方地方性很高，严格依赖于温度和湿度，多刺青蛙的枝条发生可能与HTO古环境的演变相呼应。我们表明，主要谱系的多样化发生在早期到中期，而高山类群的进化始于上新世晚期/上新世早期。我们的分布和生态位建模结果表明，范围变化和生态位稳定性可以解释多刺青蛙的现代分离分布。他们可能保持了他们的（亚）热带或（温暖）温带偏好，并随着气候变化从祖先的古藏族地区迁入喜马拉雅，而不是在原地适应。根据祖先范围估计，我们假设低海拔的存在，苗新世时期沿昆仑穿越古西藏的气候适宜走廊，羌塘和/或冈底山。我们的结果有助于更深入地了解HTO动物进化的机制和过程。
