Abstract：
Organisms adapt to daily and seasonal environmental changes to maximise their metabolic and reproductive fitness. For seasonally breeding animals, photoperiod is considered the most robust cue to drive these changes. It, however, does not explain the interannual variations in different seasonal phenotypes. Several studies have repeatedly shown the influence of ambient temperature on the timing of different seasonal physiologies including the timing of migration, reproduction and its associated behaviours, etc. In the present review, we have discussed the effects of changes in ambient temperature on different seasonal events in endotherms with a focus on migratory birds as they have evolved to draw benefits from distinct but largely predictable seasonal patterns of natural resources. We have further discussed the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which temperature affects seasonal timings. The primary brain area involved in detecting temperature changes is the hypothalamic preoptic area. This area receives thermal inputs via sensory neurons in the peripheral ganglia that measure changes in thermoregulatory tissues such as the skin and spinal cord. For the input signals, several thermal sensory TRP (transient receptor potential ion channels) channels have been identified across different classes of vertebrates. These channels are activated at specific thermal ranges. Once perceived, this information should activate an effector function. However, the link between temperature sensation and the effector pathways is not properly understood yet. Here, we have summarised the available information that may help us understand how temperature information is translated into seasonal timing.
摘要：
生物体适应日常和季节性环境变化，以最大限度地提高其代谢和生殖适应性。对于季节性繁殖的动物，光周期被认为是驱动这些变化的最有力的线索。It,然而,不能解释不同季节表型的年际变化。一些研究反复显示了环境温度对不同季节生理的影响，包括迁移的时间，繁殖及其相关行为，等。在本次审查中，我们已经讨论了环境温度变化对吸热中不同季节事件的影响，重点是候鸟，因为它们已经从不同但基本可预测的自然资源季节性模式中获益。我们进一步讨论了温度影响季节定时的生理和分子机制。参与检测温度变化的主要大脑区域是下丘脑视前区域。该区域通过外周神经节中的感觉神经元接收热输入，该感觉神经元测量温度调节组织如皮肤和脊髓的变化。对于输入信号，已经在不同类别的脊椎动物中鉴定了几种热感觉TRP（瞬时受体电位离子通道）通道。这些通道在特定的热范围内被激活。一旦感知到，此信息应激活效应器功能。然而,温度感觉和效应途径之间的联系还没有被正确理解。这里,我们总结了可用的信息，这些信息可能有助于我们了解温度信息如何转化为季节性时间。
