Abstract：
Copper (Cu) redox state has been an important issue in biology and toxicology research, but many research gaps remain to be explored due to the limitations in the detecting techniques. Herein, the regulation of Cu homeostasis, including absorption, translocation, utilization, storage, and elimination behavior is discussed. Cuproptosis, a newly identified type of cell death caused by excessive Cu accumulation, which results in the aggregation of DLAT protein or the loss of Fe-S cluster and finally proteotoxic stress, is reviewed. Several longstanding mysteries of diseases such as Wilson disease and toxic effects, may be attributed to cuproptosis. Furthermore, we review the advanced detection methods and application of Cu(I) and Cu(II), especially the in-situ imaging techniques such as XANES, and chemosensors. Most of the existing studies using these detection techniques focus on the bioaccumulation and toxicity of Cu(I) and Cu(II) in cells and aquatic organisms. Finally, it will be important to identify the roles of Cu(I) and Cu(II) in the growth, development, and diseases of organisms, as well as the relationship between bioaccumulation and toxicity of Cu(I) and Cu(II) in cellular and aquatic toxicology.
摘要：
铜(Cu)的氧化还原状态一直是生物学和毒理学研究的重要问题,但是由于检测技术的局限性，许多研究空白仍有待探索。在这里，铜稳态的调节，包括吸收，易位,利用率，storage,并讨论了消除行为。角化,一种新发现的由过量铜积累引起的细胞死亡类型，导致DLAT蛋白聚集或Fe-S簇丢失，最终导致蛋白毒性胁迫，已审查。几个长期存在的疾病之谜，如威尔逊病和毒性作用，可能归因于角化。此外，综述了Cu(I)和Cu(II)的先进检测方法和应用,特别是原位成像技术，如XANES，和化学传感器。使用这些检测技术的大多数现有研究集中在细胞和水生生物中Cu（I）和Cu（II）的生物积累和毒性上。最后,确定Cu(I)和Cu(II)在生长中的作用将是重要的，发展,和生物体的疾病，以及Cu（I）和Cu（II）在细胞和水生毒理学中的生物积累与毒性之间的关系。
