Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Picky eating (PE) is common in early childhood, peaking between ages 1 and 5 years. However, PE may persist beyond this normative period and pose threats to health and psychosocial functioning. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) involves restrictive eating driven by appetite, preference/selectivity, and/or fear of eating, leading to significant medical and/or psychosocial impairment. This retrospective study examined the relation between early childhood PE onset/duration and ARFID eating restrictions and symptoms.
METHODS: Parents of children ages 6-17 (N = 437) completed a survey about their child\'s eating behavior, including the Nine-item ARFID Screen (NIAS) and questions about PE onset and impacts. Children were then categorized into groups based on PE onset (before or after age 5) and duration: never picky, normative picky, persistent picky, and late-onset picky.
RESULTS: The groups differed (all p < .05) in mean NIAS subscales (picky eating, NIAS-PE; appetite, NIAS-A; fear, NIAS-F) and total scores (NIAS-T). Tukey post-hoc tests found that persistent PEs had significantly higher NIAS-PE, NIAS-A, and NIAS-T scores than never or normative PEs (all p < .05). Chi-Square tests found that persistent PEs were significantly more likely than all other groups to endorse ARFID criteria.
CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study suggest that PE that persists beyond or is identified after the normative period is associated with elevated ARFID symptoms compared to normative and never PEs. Persistent PE increases risk of impairment from PE and other ARFID eating restrictions. Given the health and psychosocial risks associated with ARFID, early identification and intervention for this group is warranted.
METHODS: Parents of children ages 6-17 (N = 437) completed a survey about their child\'s eating behavior, including the Nine-item ARFID Screen (NIAS) and questions about PE onset and impacts. Children were then categorized into groups based on PE onset (before or after age 5) and duration: never picky, normative picky, persistent picky, and late-onset picky.
RESULTS: The groups differed (all p < .05) in mean NIAS subscales (picky eating, NIAS-PE; appetite, NIAS-A; fear, NIAS-F) and total scores (NIAS-T). Tukey post-hoc tests found that persistent PEs had significantly higher NIAS-PE, NIAS-A, and NIAS-T scores than never or normative PEs (all p < .05). Chi-Square tests found that persistent PEs were significantly more likely than all other groups to endorse ARFID criteria.
CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study suggest that PE that persists beyond or is identified after the normative period is associated with elevated ARFID symptoms compared to normative and never PEs. Persistent PE increases risk of impairment from PE and other ARFID eating restrictions. Given the health and psychosocial risks associated with ARFID, early identification and intervention for this group is warranted.
摘要：
背景：挑食（PE）在儿童早期很常见，在1到5岁之间达到峰值。然而,体育可能会持续超过这一规范时期，并对健康和社会心理功能构成威胁。避免/限制性食物摄入障碍（ARFID）涉及由食欲驱动的限制性饮食，偏好/选择性，和/或害怕吃东西，导致严重的医学和/或心理障碍。这项回顾性研究检查了儿童早期PE发作/持续时间与ARFID饮食限制和症状之间的关系。
方法：6-17岁（N=437）儿童的父母完成了一项关于他们孩子饮食行为的调查，包括九项ARFID屏幕（NIAS）和有关PE发病和影响的问题。然后根据PE发病（5岁之前或之后）和持续时间将儿童分为几组：从不挑剔，规范挑剔，持续挑剔，和迟发性挑剔。
结果：两组的平均NIAS分量表（挑食，NIAS-PE；食欲，NIAS-A；恐惧，NIAS-F)和总分(NIAS-T)。Tukey事后测试发现，持久性PE的NIAS-PE明显更高，NIAS-A,和NIAS-T得分比never或规范性PE（所有p<0.05）。卡方检验发现，持久性PE比所有其他组更有可能认可ARFID标准。
结论：本研究的研究结果表明，与规范且从不PE相比，持续超过规范期或在规范期之后确定的PE与ARFID症状升高有关。持续PE会增加PE和其他ARFID饮食限制造成损害的风险。考虑到与ARFID相关的健康和社会心理风险，有必要对这一群体进行早期识别和干预.
方法：6-17岁（N=437）儿童的父母完成了一项关于他们孩子饮食行为的调查，包括九项ARFID屏幕（NIAS）和有关PE发病和影响的问题。然后根据PE发病（5岁之前或之后）和持续时间将儿童分为几组：从不挑剔，规范挑剔，持续挑剔，和迟发性挑剔。
结果：两组的平均NIAS分量表（挑食，NIAS-PE；食欲，NIAS-A；恐惧，NIAS-F)和总分(NIAS-T)。Tukey事后测试发现，持久性PE的NIAS-PE明显更高，NIAS-A,和NIAS-T得分比never或规范性PE（所有p<0.05）。卡方检验发现，持久性PE比所有其他组更有可能认可ARFID标准。
结论：本研究的研究结果表明，与规范且从不PE相比，持续超过规范期或在规范期之后确定的PE与ARFID症状升高有关。持续PE会增加PE和其他ARFID饮食限制造成损害的风险。考虑到与ARFID相关的健康和社会心理风险，有必要对这一群体进行早期识别和干预.
