PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contain at least one oxygen atom and one or more unpaired electrons and include singlet oxygen, superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical, hydroperoxyl radical, and free nitrogen radicals. Intracellular ROS can be formed as a consequence of several factors, including ultra-violet (UV) radiation, electron leakage during aerobic respiration, inflammatory responses mediated by macrophages, and other external stimuli or stress. The enhanced production of ROS is termed oxidative stress and this leads to cellular damage, such as protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, and base modifications. This damage may manifest in various pathological states, including ageing, cancer, neurological diseases, and metabolic disorders like diabetes. On the other hand, the optimum levels of ROS have been implicated in the regulation of many important physiological processes. For example, the ROS generated in the mitochondria (mitochondrial ROS or mt-ROS), as a byproduct of the electron transport chain (ETC), participate in a plethora of physiological functions, which include ageing, cell growth, cell proliferation, and immune response and regulation. In this current review, we will focus on the mechanisms by which mt-ROS regulate different pathways of host immune responses in the context of infection by bacteria, protozoan parasites, viruses, and fungi. We will also discuss how these pathogens, in turn, modulate mt-ROS to evade host immunity. We will conclude by briefly giving an overview of the potential therapeutic approaches involving mt-ROS in infectious diseases.
摘要：
活性氧（ROS）含有至少一个氧原子和一个或多个不成对电子，包括单线态氧，超氧阴离子自由基，羟基自由基，氢过氧自由基，和游离氮自由基。细胞内ROS可以作为几个因素的结果形成，包括紫外线（UV）辐射，有氧呼吸过程中的电子泄漏，巨噬细胞介导的炎症反应，和其他外部刺激或压力。ROS的增强产生称为氧化应激，这导致细胞损伤，如蛋白质羰基化，脂质过氧化，脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）损伤，和基础修改。这种损害可能表现在各种病理状态，包括老化,癌症,神经系统疾病,和代谢紊乱如糖尿病.另一方面,ROS的最佳水平与许多重要生理过程的调节有关。例如,线粒体中产生的ROS（线粒体ROS或MT-ROS），作为电子传输链(ETC)的副产品，参与过多的生理功能，其中包括衰老，细胞生长,细胞增殖，免疫反应和调节。在当前的审查中，我们将专注于mt-ROS在细菌感染的情况下调节宿主免疫反应的不同途径的机制，原生动物寄生虫，病毒,和真菌。我们还将讨论这些病原体，反过来,调节mt-ROS以逃避宿主免疫。最后，我们将简要概述涉及mt-ROS在感染性疾病中的潜在治疗方法。
