Abstract：
Two experiments with monolingual and bilingual participants tested memory for sources (speakers) and destinations (listeners) in conversations consisting of self-referential statements. In Experiment 1, participants directly interacted in English conversations with audio-visually recorded confederates. In Experiment 2, participants observed recorded conversations among confederates. In both conversational situations, source memory was more accurate than destination memory, indicating that the attentional resources consumed by self-focus or sentence production/completion do not explain why destinations are less well remembered than sources in direct-interaction conversations. Source and destination memory were positively associated with item memory at the participant level, indicating that stronger item encoding is associated with stronger encoding of contextual information. In the observed conversations, source and destination accuracy were negatively associated at the trial level, indicating that these features of the memory episode are not encoded independently, and there is a tradeoff in the encoding of these contextual features. Item memory did not differ for monolinguals and bilinguals and was positively associated with proficiency only in conversations with direct interaction. In the observational setting (but not the direct-interaction setting), source and destination memory were more accurate for bilinguals than monolinguals. This finding suggests that bilinguals allocate attention more efficiently than monolinguals when the cognitive demands of sentence production are eliminated. Proficiency in English was positively associated with memory for the appropriate conversational partner only when participants had to produce sentence frames and complete them with self-generated information, suggesting that language proficiency is beneficial when cognitive demands are high.
摘要：
两项针对单语和双语参与者的实验在由自我参照陈述组成的对话中测试了源（说话者）和目的地（听众）的记忆。在实验1中，参与者在英语会话中直接与视听记录的同盟进行互动。在实验2中，参与者观察了同盟之间记录的对话。在这两种对话的情况下，源内存比目标内存更准确，表明自我聚焦或句子产生/完成所消耗的注意力资源并不能解释为什么在直接互动对话中目的地的记忆不如来源。源和目标记忆与参与者级别的项目记忆呈正相关，表示更强的项目编码与更强的上下文信息编码相关联。在观察到的对话中，来源和目的地准确性在试验水平上呈负相关，表明记忆片段的这些特征不是独立编码的，并且在这些上下文特征的编码中存在折衷。单语者和双语者的项目记忆没有差异，并且仅在直接互动的对话中与熟练程度呈正相关。在观测设置(但不是直接交互设置)中，双语者的源记忆和目标记忆比单语言者更准确。这一发现表明，当消除句子产生的认知需求时，双语者比单语者更有效地分配注意力。只有当参与者必须制作句子框架并用自我生成的信息完成句子框架时，英语水平才与适当的对话伙伴的记忆呈正相关。这表明，当认知要求很高时，语言能力是有益的。
