Abstract：
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites harmful to humans and animals. Patulin (PAT) is a toxin found in different food products but especially in apples and their derivative products. The most common fungi producers of this compound are Aspergillus clavatus and Penicillium expansum. The production of patulin, as other mycotoxins, can be impacted by diverse phenomena such as water and nutrient availability, UV exposure, and the presence of antagonistic organisms. Consequently, gaining a comprehensive understanding of climate and environmental conditions is a crucial step in combating patulin contamination. In this study, moulds were isolated from 40 apple samples collected from seven locations across Hungary: Csenger, Damak, Pallag, Lövőpetri, Nagykálló, and Újfehértó. A total of 183 moulds were morphologically identified, with 67 isolates belonging to the Alternaria, 45 to the Aspergillus, and 13 to the Penicillium groups. The location possessed a higher influence than farming method on the distribution of mould genera. Despite the requirement of higher temperature, Aspergillus species dominated only for the region of Újfehértó with approximately 50% of the isolates belonging to the genus. Four of the seven locations assessed: Csenger, Debrecen-Pallag, Nyírtass and Nagykálló, were dominated by Alternaria species. All isolates belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium were tested for the presence of the isoepoxidone dehydrogenase (idh) gene, a key player in the patulin metabolic pathway. To guarantee patulin production, this ability was confirmed with TLC assays. The only Aspergillus strain that presented a positive result was the strain Aspergillus clavatus B9/6, originated from the apple cultivar Golden Reinders grown in Debrecen-Pallag by integrated farming. Of the Penicillium isolates only one strain, B10/6, presented a band of the right size (500-600 bp) for the idh gene. Further sequencing of the ITS gene showed that this strain should be classified as Talaromyces pinophilus. The TLC tests confirmed this microorganism as the only patulin producer under the studied conditions for its cluster.
摘要：
霉菌毒素是对人类和动物有害的次级真菌代谢产物。棒曲霉素（PAT）是一种在不同的食品中发现的毒素，尤其是在苹果及其衍生产品中。该化合物最常见的真菌生产者是棒曲霉和扩展青霉。棒曲霉素的生产，和其他霉菌毒素一样，会受到不同现象的影响，如水和营养物质的供应，UV暴露,和拮抗生物的存在。因此,全面了解气候和环境条件是对抗棒曲霉素污染的关键一步。在这项研究中,从匈牙利七个地方收集的40个苹果样品中分离出霉菌：Csenger，Damak,Pallag,Lövpetri,Nagykálló,和“jfehértó”。从形态上鉴定了总共183个模具，有67个分离株属于链格孢菌，45到曲霉，和13到青霉菌组。与耕作方法相比，该位置对霉菌属分布的影响更大。尽管需要更高的温度，曲霉属物种仅在µjfehértó区域占主导地位，约有50％的分离株属于该属。评估的七个地点中有四个:Csenger，德布勒森-帕拉格,尼尔塔斯和纳吉卡洛，以链格孢属物种为主。测试了所有属于曲霉属和青霉属的分离株是否存在异环氧脱氢酶（idh）基因，棒曲霉素代谢途径的关键参与者。为了保证棒曲霉素的生产，这种能力通过TLC测定得到证实。唯一表现出阳性结果的曲霉菌株是棒曲霉B9/6菌株，该菌株起源于通过综合耕作在德布勒森-帕拉格种植的苹果品种GoldenReinders。在青霉菌中只有一种菌株，B10/6为idh基因呈现一条大小合适(500-600bp)的条带。对ITS基因的进一步测序表明，该菌株应归类为嗜螺菌。TLC测试证实，在所研究的条件下，该微生物是其簇的唯一棒曲霉素生产者。
