Abstract：
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) due to a hypertrophy of the adenoids and/or the tonsils in otherwise healthy children is associated with neurocognitive dysfunction and behavioural disorders with various degrees of hyperactivity, aggressiveness, sometimes evolving to a label of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Children with anatomical and/or functional abnormalities of the upper airways represent a very specific population which is at high risk of OSA (also called complex OSA or OSA type III). Surprisingly, the neurocognitive consequences of OSA have been poorly studied in these children, despite the fact that OSA is more common and more severe than in their healthy counterparts. This may be explained by that fact that screening for OSA and sleep-disordered breathing is not systematically performed, the performance of sleep studies and neurocognitive tests may be challenging, and the respective role of the underlining disease, OSA, but also poor sleep quality, is complex. However, the few studies that have been performed in these children, and mainly children with Down syndrome, tend to show that OSA, but even more disruption of sleep architecture and poor sleep quality, aggravate the neurocognitive impairment and abnormal behaviour in these patients, underlining the need for a systematic and early in life assessment of sleep and neurocognitive function and behaviour in children with OSA type III.
摘要：
在其他方面健康的儿童中，由于腺样体和/或扁桃体肥大引起的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）与神经认知功能障碍和行为障碍有关，伴有不同程度的多动症，侵略性,有时演变为注意力缺陷多动障碍的标签。患有上呼吸道解剖和/或功能异常的儿童代表处于OSA(也称为复杂OSA或OSAIII型)高风险的非常特定的群体。令人惊讶的是,OSA的神经认知后果在这些儿童中的研究很少，尽管OSA比健康人群更常见和更严重。这可以解释为筛查OSA和睡眠呼吸紊乱没有系统地进行，睡眠研究和神经认知测试的表现可能具有挑战性，以及强调疾病的各自作用，OSA,而且睡眠质量差，是复杂的。然而,在这些孩子身上进行的少数研究，主要是患有唐氏综合症的儿童，倾向于表明OSA，但更多的睡眠结构中断和睡眠质量差，加重这些患者的神经认知障碍和行为异常，强调需要对OSAIII型儿童的睡眠和神经认知功能及行为进行系统的早期评估。
