Abstract：
Herbicides are often detected in aquatic ecosystems due to residential and agricultural applications and can harm aquatic organisms once deposited into water systems. Pendimethalin is part of the dinitroaniline chemical family and is applied to crops like corn, legumes, potatoes, and soybeans. The potential toxicity of pendimethalin to aquatic species is understudied compared to other widely studied herbicides, like atrazine and glyphosate. The objectives of this review were to (1) collate information on sub-lethal responses to pendimethalin exposure in fish, (2) evaluate how exposure studies relate to environmental concentrations, and (3) identify putative bioindicators for exposure studies. Overall, studies reporting pendimethalin in water systems worldwide indicate a range of 100-300 ng/L, but levels have been reported as high as ~15 µg/g in sediment. In teleost fish, studies demonstrate developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, and behavioral disruptions. The strongest evidence for pendimethalin-induced toxicity involves oxidative stress, although studies often test toxicity at higher concentrations than environmentally relevant levels. Using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database, pathway analysis reveals linkages to neurotoxicity and mechanisms of neurodegeneration like \"Ubiquitin Dependent Protein Degradation\", \"Microtubule Cytoskeleton\", \"Protein Oxidation and Aggregation in Aging\", and \"Parkinson\'s Disease\". Other prominent pathways included those related to mTOR signaling and reproduction. Thus, two potential mechanisms underlying pendimethalin-induced toxicity in fish include the neural and reproductive systems. This review synthesizes current data regarding environmental fate and ecotoxicology of pendimethalin in teleost fish and points to some putative physiological and molecular responses that may be beneficial for assessing toxicity of the herbicide in future investigations.
摘要：
由于居住和农业应用，除草剂通常在水生生态系统中检测到，一旦沉积到水系统中，就会伤害水生生物。二甲戊灵是二硝基苯胺化学家族的一部分，适用于玉米等作物，豆类,土豆,和大豆。与其他广泛研究的除草剂相比，二甲戊灵对水生物种的潜在毒性研究不足。比如阿特拉津和草甘膦.本综述的目的是（1）整理有关鱼类对二甲戊灵暴露的亚致死反应的信息，(2)评估暴露研究与环境浓度的关系，(3)确定暴露研究的推定生物指标。总的来说,报告全球水系统中甲戊灵的研究表明范围为100-300ng/L，但据报道，沉积物中的含量高达约15微克/克。在硬骨鱼中，研究表明发育毒性，免疫毒性,和行为中断。二甲戊灵诱导毒性的最有力证据涉及氧化应激，尽管研究通常在比环境相关水平更高的浓度下测试毒性。使用比较毒性基因组学数据库，通路分析揭示了与神经毒性和神经变性机制的联系，如“泛素依赖性蛋白质降解”，“微管细胞骨架”，“衰老过程中的蛋白质氧化和聚集”，和“帕金森病”。其他主要途径包括与mTOR信号传导和繁殖相关的途径。因此，二甲戊灵诱导鱼类毒性的两种潜在机制包括神经系统和生殖系统。这篇综述综合了有关硬骨鱼中二甲灵的环境命运和生态毒理学的最新数据，并指出了一些推定的生理和分子反应，这些反应可能有助于在未来的研究中评估除草剂的毒性。
