PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: The public perception relating to the welfare of horses involved with equestrian sports is associated with training methods used and the presentation of horses at events. In this context, very tight nosebands, which are intended to prevent the horse from opening its mouth, also attract a lot of attention. Various studies have evaluated the impact of tight nosebands on stress parameters, whereas the effect of tight nosebands on upper airway function is unknown. Therefore, the aim of the study was to use overground endoscopy to evaluate changes in pharyngeal and laryngeal function when a tight noseband is fitted. Moreover, the ridden horse pain ethogram (RHpE) was applied to investigate signs of discomfort (Dyson et al., 2018).
METHODS: A randomized, blinded, and prospective study was performed.
METHODS: Sixteen warmblood horses consisting of twelve mares and four geldings with a mean age of 11.63 ± 3.53 years were ridden on 2 consecutive days with either loose or tight nosebands (two fingers or no space between bridge of the nose and noseband, respectively) and inserted endoscope in a random order. Videos were taken in a riding arena during a standardized exercise protocol involving beginner level tasks for 30 min in all gaits. For video analysis, freeze frames were prepared and analyzed at the beginning of the expiration phase. Pharyngeal diameter was measured using the pharynx-epiglottis ratio. Other findings (swallowing, pharyngeal collapse, soft palate movements, and secretion) were also evaluated. Moreover, the RHpE was applied. Descriptive statistics and generalized linear mixed effects models were used. Results with a p-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: While the pharynx-epiglottis ratio did not change significantly in horses ridden with loose versus tight nosebands, there was an increase in mean grade and total counts of parameters assessed in the pharyngeal region, for example, grade of secretion (1.5 [±SD 0.89] vs. 3.13 [±SD 0.96]; p = 0.0001), axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (0.29 [±SD 0.73] vs. 1.33 [±SD 1.44]; p = 0.01), and pharyngeal collapse (0.69 [±SD 0.87] vs. 1.88 [±SD 1.54]; p = 0.005) in horses ridden with tight nosebands. There was no RHpE score above 8 indicating musculoskeletal pain, but the RHpE scores were significantly higher in horses ridden with tight nosebands (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Video quality was limited when horses showed large amounts of secretion. Another limitation was the small number of horses.
CONCLUSIONS: Results add to the evidence obtained in other studies that tight nosebands do not only cause adverse reactions based on the RHpE score such as head behind the vertical or intense staring but also contribute to changes in the pharyngeal region, such as increased secretion and collapse of pharyngeal structures. This may provide further support for future decisions regarding regulations on nosebands.
METHODS: A randomized, blinded, and prospective study was performed.
METHODS: Sixteen warmblood horses consisting of twelve mares and four geldings with a mean age of 11.63 ± 3.53 years were ridden on 2 consecutive days with either loose or tight nosebands (two fingers or no space between bridge of the nose and noseband, respectively) and inserted endoscope in a random order. Videos were taken in a riding arena during a standardized exercise protocol involving beginner level tasks for 30 min in all gaits. For video analysis, freeze frames were prepared and analyzed at the beginning of the expiration phase. Pharyngeal diameter was measured using the pharynx-epiglottis ratio. Other findings (swallowing, pharyngeal collapse, soft palate movements, and secretion) were also evaluated. Moreover, the RHpE was applied. Descriptive statistics and generalized linear mixed effects models were used. Results with a p-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: While the pharynx-epiglottis ratio did not change significantly in horses ridden with loose versus tight nosebands, there was an increase in mean grade and total counts of parameters assessed in the pharyngeal region, for example, grade of secretion (1.5 [±SD 0.89] vs. 3.13 [±SD 0.96]; p = 0.0001), axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (0.29 [±SD 0.73] vs. 1.33 [±SD 1.44]; p = 0.01), and pharyngeal collapse (0.69 [±SD 0.87] vs. 1.88 [±SD 1.54]; p = 0.005) in horses ridden with tight nosebands. There was no RHpE score above 8 indicating musculoskeletal pain, but the RHpE scores were significantly higher in horses ridden with tight nosebands (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Video quality was limited when horses showed large amounts of secretion. Another limitation was the small number of horses.
CONCLUSIONS: Results add to the evidence obtained in other studies that tight nosebands do not only cause adverse reactions based on the RHpE score such as head behind the vertical or intense staring but also contribute to changes in the pharyngeal region, such as increased secretion and collapse of pharyngeal structures. This may provide further support for future decisions regarding regulations on nosebands.
摘要：
目的：公众对马术运动马匹福利的看法与所使用的训练方法和马匹在比赛中的表现有关。在这种情况下，非常紧的鼻带，旨在防止马张开嘴，也吸引了很多注意力。各种研究已经评估了紧鼻带对应力参数的影响，而紧鼻带对上气道功能的影响尚不清楚。因此,这项研究的目的是使用地面内窥镜检查来评估在安装紧鼻带时咽部和喉功能的变化。此外，应用马匹疼痛心电图（RHpE）来调查不适的迹象（Dyson等人。,2018)。
方法：随机，失明,并进行了前瞻性研究。
方法：连续2天使用松散或紧密的鼻带（两根手指或鼻梁和鼻梁之间没有间隙，由十二匹母马和四只平均年龄为11.63±3.53岁的凝胶组成的十六匹温血马，分别）并以随机顺序插入内窥镜。在标准化的锻炼协议中，在骑行舞台上拍摄了视频，该协议涉及初学者级别的任务，所有步态都需要30分钟。对于视频分析，在到期阶段开始时准备并分析了冻结帧。使用咽-会厌比率测量咽径。其他发现（吞咽，咽部塌陷,软腭运动,和分泌）也进行了评估。此外，应用了RHpE。使用描述性统计和广义线性混合效应模型。p值<0.05的结果被认为是统计学上显著的。
结果：虽然鼻带松紧的马匹的咽-会厌比率没有明显变化，在咽部区域评估的参数的平均等级和总数增加，例如,分泌等级(1.5[±SD0.89]与3.13[±SD0.96]；p=0.0001)，会厌褶皱的轴向偏差（0.29[±SD0.73]与1.33[±SD1.44]；p=0.01)，和咽部塌陷（0.69[±SD0.87]vs.1.88[±SD1.54]；p=0.005）在鼻带紧绷的马匹中。没有RHpE评分高于8表明肌肉骨骼疼痛，但RHpE评分在鼻带紧的马匹中显著较高(p<0.001)。
结论：当马表现出大量分泌时，视频质量受到限制。另一个限制是马匹数量少。
结论：结果增加了其他研究中获得的证据，即紧鼻带不仅会导致基于RHpE评分的不良反应，例如头部在垂直或强烈凝视之后，还会导致咽部区域的变化。如分泌增加和咽部结构塌陷。这可以为关于鼻带的规定的未来决策提供进一步的支持。
方法：随机，失明,并进行了前瞻性研究。
方法：连续2天使用松散或紧密的鼻带（两根手指或鼻梁和鼻梁之间没有间隙，由十二匹母马和四只平均年龄为11.63±3.53岁的凝胶组成的十六匹温血马，分别）并以随机顺序插入内窥镜。在标准化的锻炼协议中，在骑行舞台上拍摄了视频，该协议涉及初学者级别的任务，所有步态都需要30分钟。对于视频分析，在到期阶段开始时准备并分析了冻结帧。使用咽-会厌比率测量咽径。其他发现（吞咽，咽部塌陷,软腭运动,和分泌）也进行了评估。此外，应用了RHpE。使用描述性统计和广义线性混合效应模型。p值<0.05的结果被认为是统计学上显著的。
结果：虽然鼻带松紧的马匹的咽-会厌比率没有明显变化，在咽部区域评估的参数的平均等级和总数增加，例如,分泌等级(1.5[±SD0.89]与3.13[±SD0.96]；p=0.0001)，会厌褶皱的轴向偏差（0.29[±SD0.73]与1.33[±SD1.44]；p=0.01)，和咽部塌陷（0.69[±SD0.87]vs.1.88[±SD1.54]；p=0.005）在鼻带紧绷的马匹中。没有RHpE评分高于8表明肌肉骨骼疼痛，但RHpE评分在鼻带紧的马匹中显著较高(p<0.001)。
结论：当马表现出大量分泌时，视频质量受到限制。另一个限制是马匹数量少。
结论：结果增加了其他研究中获得的证据，即紧鼻带不仅会导致基于RHpE评分的不良反应，例如头部在垂直或强烈凝视之后，还会导致咽部区域的变化。如分泌增加和咽部结构塌陷。这可以为关于鼻带的规定的未来决策提供进一步的支持。
