Abstract：
Despite being endemic in Iraq, no reports have been published in the past 10 years to update the molecular epidemiology of the Old World screwworm fly (OWSF), Chrysomya bezziana, in this country. In the present study, 130 sheep from 10 Iraqi governorates were found infected with C. bezziana larvae, whose identities were PCR-confirmed based on the cytochrome b (Cytb) gene, and 23 isolates from various tested governorates were successfully sequenced. Although most isolates (n = 20) belonged to the common haplotype circulating in Iraq, two new haplotypes were detected. Significant changes in OWSF epidemiology in Iraq were also suggested, since infestations were detected, for the first time, in Nineveh governorate. Isolates of the present study were combined to those previously published from Iraq and worldwide, collected after searching the GenBank, and various genetic and population structure analyses were conducted. These isolates displayed a great statistically significant value when tested for the purifying (negative) selection, suggesting the limited occurrence of genetic variations, which was evidenced by the high sequence conservation (C = 0.937) value detected. A few isolates from Africa were revealed during our search, and clustered in a separate lineage other than that of the Asian isolates. The latter displayed different genetic variation patterns when compared. For example, isolates from geographically separate regions, e.g., the Gulf Arab countries and South-Eastern Asia had marked genetic differences. On the other hand, isolates from regions with close geographic proximity (the Gulf Arab countries and Iran) had limited genetic subdivision. This is not the case when comparing isolates from 10 islands in the Indonesian Archipelago. Populations from Sumatra and Sumba were isolated and displayed high genetic variations toward the other populations. On the contrary, populations from Sulawesi, Lombok and Sumbawa displayed limited genetic variations. This is particularly important, since it can help detecting the dynamics of establishing the sterile insect technique over various regions as an effective control strategy against the OWSFs.
摘要：
尽管在伊拉克很流行，在过去的10年中，没有发表任何报告来更新旧世界螺旋虫（OWSF）的分子流行病学，Chrysomyabezziana,在这个国家。在本研究中,来自伊拉克10个省的130只绵羊被发现感染了贝齐亚纳幼虫，其身份是基于细胞色素b（Cytb）基因的PCR确认，并成功对来自不同测试省份的23个分离株进行了测序。尽管大多数分离株（n=20）属于在伊拉克流行的常见单倍型，检测到两种新的单倍型。还建议伊拉克OWSF流行病学发生重大变化，自从发现了侵扰，第一次,在尼尼微省。本研究的分离株与以前从伊拉克和世界各地发表的分离株相结合，在搜索GenBank后收集的，并进行了各种遗传和种群结构分析。当进行纯化（阴性）选择测试时，这些分离株显示出很大的统计学显着价值。表明遗传变异的发生有限，检测到的高序列保守性（C=0.937）值证明了这一点。在我们搜索过程中发现了一些来自非洲的分离株，并聚集在亚洲分离株以外的独立谱系中。比较时，后者显示出不同的遗传变异模式。例如,从地理上分开的地区分离，例如，海湾阿拉伯国家和东南亚有明显的遗传差异。另一方面,来自地理邻近地区（海湾阿拉伯国家和伊朗）的分离株的遗传细分有限。在比较印度尼西亚群岛10个岛屿的分离株时，情况并非如此。分离了来自苏门答腊和Sumba的种群，并向其他种群显示出很高的遗传变异。相反,来自苏拉威西岛的人口，Lombok和Sumbawa显示出有限的遗传变异。这一点尤其重要,因为它可以帮助检测在各个区域建立不育昆虫技术的动力学，作为针对OWSF的有效控制策略。
