Abstract：
Algal blooms have become a significant challenge in water treatment all over the world. In chlorination of drinking water, algal organic matter (AOM) leads to the formation of organic chloramines. The objectives of this review are to comprehensively summarize and discuss the up-to-date researches on AOM-derived organic chloramines and their chemical activities and toxicity, thereby drawing attention to the potentially chemical and hygienic risks of organic chloramines. The predominant algal species in water sources varied with location and season. AOM from cyanobacteria, green algae, and diatoms are composed of diverse composition. AOM-derived amino acids take a low portion of the precursors of organic chloramines. Both experimental kinetic data and quantum chemical calculation demonstrate the preferential formation of organic chloramines in the chlorination of model compounds (amino acids and peptides). Organic chloramines are persistent in water and can transform into dichloro- and trichloro-organic chloramines, unknown low-molecular-weight organic chloramines, and nitrogenous disinfection byproducts with the excess of free chlorine. The active chlorine (Cl+) in organic chloramines can lead to the formation of chlorinated phenolic compounds. Organic chloramines influence the generation and species of radicals and subsequent products in UV disinfection. Theoretical predictions and toxicological tests suggest that organic chloramines may cause oxidative or toxic pressure to bacteria or cells. Overall, organic chloramines, as one group of high-molecular-weight disinfection byproducts, have relatively long lifetimes, moderate chemical activities, and high hygienic risks to the public. Future perspectives of organic chloramines are suggested in terms of quantitative detection methods, the precursors from various predominant algal species, chemical activities of organic chloramines, and toxicity/impact.
摘要：
藻类水华已成为全世界水处理中的重大挑战。在饮用水的氯化中，藻类有机物（AOM）导致有机氯胺的形成。这篇综述的目的是全面总结和讨论AOM衍生的有机氯胺及其化学活性和毒性的最新研究，从而提请注意有机氯胺的潜在化学和卫生风险。水源中的主要藻类物种随位置和季节而变化。来自蓝细菌的AOM，绿藻,和硅藻组成不同。AOM衍生的氨基酸占有机氯胺前体的一小部分。实验动力学数据和量子化学计算均表明，在模型化合物（氨基酸和肽）的氯化中，有机氯胺的优先形成。有机氯胺在水中具有持久性，可以转化为二氯和三氯有机氯胺，未知的低分子量有机氯胺，和含氮消毒副产物与过量的游离氯。有机氯胺中的活性氯（Cl）可导致氯化酚类化合物的形成。有机氯胺影响紫外线消毒中自由基和后续产物的产生和种类。理论预测和毒理学测试表明，有机氯胺可能对细菌或细胞造成氧化或毒性压力。总的来说,有机氯胺,作为一组高分子量消毒副产物，寿命相对较长，适度的化学活动，以及对公众的高卫生风险。从定量检测方法的角度提出了有机氯胺的未来观点，来自各种主要藻类的前体，有机氯胺的化学活性，和毒性/影响。
