Abstract：
In fact, less than 1% of applied pesticides reach their target pests, while the remainder pollute the neighboring environment and adversely impact human health as well as non-target organisms in agricultural ecosystem. Pesticides can contribute to the loss of agrobiodiversity, which are essential to maintaining the agro-ecosystem\'s structure and functioning in order to produce and secure enough food. This review article examines the negative effects of pesticides on non-target invertebrates including earthworms, honeybees, predators, and parasitoids. It also highlights areas where further research is needed to address unresolved issues related to pesticide exposure, aiming to improve conservation efforts for these crucial species. These organisms play crucial roles in ecosystem functioning, such as soil health, pollination, and pest control. Both lethal and sub-lethal effects of pesticides on the selected non-target invertebrates were discussed. Pesticides affect DNA integrity, enzyme activity, growth, behavior, and reproduction of earthworms even at low concentrations. Pesticides could also induce a reduction in individual survival, disruption in learning performance and memory, as well as a change in the foraging behavior of honeybees. Additionally, pesticides adversely affect population growth indices, reproduction, development, longevity, and consumption of predators and parasitoids. As a result, pesticides must pass adequate ecotoxicological risk assessment to be enlisted by regulatory authorities. Therefore, it is important to adopt integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that minimize pesticide use and promote the conservation of beneficial organisms in order to maintain agrobiodiversity and sustainable agricultural systems. Furthermore, adopting precision agriculture and organic farming lessen these negative effects as well.less than.
摘要：
事实上,不到1%的农药到达目标害虫，而其余的则污染了周围环境，对人类健康以及农业生态系统中的非目标生物产生了不利影响。农药会导致农业生物多样性的丧失，这对于维持农业生态系统的结构和功能以生产和确保足够的食物至关重要。这篇综述文章研究了农药对包括蚯蚓在内的非目标无脊椎动物的负面影响，蜜蜂,捕食者,和寄生虫。它还强调了需要进一步研究以解决与农药暴露有关的未决问题的领域，旨在改善这些关键物种的保护工作。这些生物在生态系统功能中起着至关重要的作用，比如土壤健康，授粉,和害虫控制。讨论了农药对所选非靶标无脊椎动物的致死和亚致死效应。杀虫剂会影响DNA的完整性,酶活性，增长,行为，即使在低浓度下也能繁殖蚯蚓。农药还可能导致个体存活率降低，学习表现和记忆的中断，以及蜜蜂觅食行为的变化。此外,农药对人口增长指数产生不利影响，繁殖，发展,长寿，以及食肉动物和寄生虫的消费。因此,农药必须通过适当的生态毒理学风险评估，才能被监管机构征用。因此,重要的是采取综合虫害管理（IPM）战略，尽量减少农药的使用，促进有益生物的保护，以维持农业生物多样性和可持续农业系统。此外，采用精准农业和有机农业也减轻了这些负面影响。小于。
