Abstract：
Error detection in typing is crucial for assessing the adequacy of ongoing actions, leveraging both predictive mechanisms for early detection and sensory feedback for late detection. Neurophysiological studies have supported the anticipation of errors through predictive models. This research extends the understanding of error detection in typing, focusing on the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying errors in transparent and intransparent German words. Thirty-six volunteer students typed out aurally presented words, classified as either orthographically transparent or intransparent, on a computer keyboard without the possibility of correction. Because of poor spelling or excessive artifacts, the final sample comprised 27 participants. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were obtained time-locked to key presses, and behavioral data on typing correctness and speed were collected. A higher error rate and longer latency for intransparent words compared to transparent ones were found, suggesting the complexity of spelling impacts typing correctness. Post-error slowing was observed, aligning with increased cognitive control following errors. ERPs revealed a negative component akin to the error-related negativity (ERN) for typing errors, with a pronounced ERN-like negativity preceding erroneous key-presses, particularly for intransparent words. The study provides evidence of the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying typing errors, highlighting the impact of orthographic transparency. The detection of an ERN-like negativity before erroneous key-presses, especially in typing intransparent words, underscores the brain\'s use of predictive mechanisms for error detection.
摘要：
打字中的错误检测对于评估正在进行的操作的充分性至关重要，利用早期检测的预测机制和后期检测的感官反馈。神经生理学研究支持通过预测模型预测错误。这项研究扩展了对打字错误检测的理解，关注透明和不透明德语单词错误的神经认知机制。36名志愿者学生打出了清晰呈现的单词，分类为正交透明或不透明，在电脑键盘上没有校正的可能性。由于拼写差或人工制品过多，最终样本包括27名参与者。事件相关电位(ERPs)被时间锁定到按键，并收集了有关打字正确性和速度的行为数据。发现与透明单词相比，不透明单词的错误率更高，延迟更长，这表明拼写的复杂性会影响打字的正确性。观察到错误后的速度减慢，与错误后增加的认知控制保持一致。ERPs揭示了一个类似于打字错误的错误相关负性(ERN)的负面成分，在错误按键之前有明显的类似ERN的否定，尤其是不透明的单词。该研究提供了分型错误背后的认知和神经机制的证据，突出正交透明度的影响。在错误按键之前检测到类似ERN的消极性，尤其是在输入不透明的单词时，强调了大脑对错误检测的预测机制的使用。
