PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Since the first use of vaccine tell the last COVID-19 pandemic caused by spread of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide, the use of advanced biotechnological techniques has accelerated the development of different types and methods for immunization. The last pandemic showed that the nucleic acid-based vaccine, especially mRNA, has an advantage in terms of development time; however, it showed a very critical drawback namely, the higher costs when compared to other strategies, and its inability to protect against new variants. This showed the need of more improvement to reach a better delivery and efficacy. In this review we will describe different vaccine delivery systems including, the most used viral vector, and also variable strategies for delivering of nucleic acid-based vaccines especially lipid-based nanoparticles formulation, polymersomes, electroporation and also the new powerful tools for the delivery of mRNA, which is based on the use of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). Additionally, we will also discuss the main challenges associated with each system. Finlay, the efficacy and safety of the vaccines depends not only on the formulations and delivery systems, but also the dosage and route of administration are also important players, therefore we will see the different routes for the vaccine administration including traditionally routes (intramuscular, Transdermal, subcutaneous), oral inhalation or via nasal mucosa, and will describe the advantages and disadvantage of each administration route.
摘要：
自从第一次使用疫苗告诉SARS-CoV-2在世界范围内传播引起的最后一次COVID-19大流行以来，先进生物技术的使用加速了不同类型和免疫方法的发展。上一次大流行表明，基于核酸的疫苗，尤其是mRNA，在开发时间方面具有优势；然而，它显示了一个非常关键的缺点，即，与其他策略相比，成本更高，以及它无法抵御新的变种。这表明需要更多的改进以达到更好的递送和功效。在这篇综述中，我们将描述不同的疫苗输送系统，包括，最常用的病毒载体，以及用于递送基于核酸的疫苗，特别是基于脂质的纳米颗粒制剂的可变策略，聚合物囊泡,电穿孔以及传递mRNA的新的强大工具，这是基于细胞穿透肽（CPPs）的使用。此外,我们还将讨论与每个系统相关的主要挑战。芬利,疫苗的有效性和安全性不仅取决于配方和递送系统，而且剂量和给药途径也是重要的参与者，因此，我们将看到疫苗给药的不同途径，包括传统途径(肌内，经皮,皮下)，口腔吸入或通过鼻粘膜，并将描述每种给药途径的优缺点。
