PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Aerosol transmission remains a major challenge for control of respiratory viruses, particularly those causing recurrent epidemics, like influenza A virus (IAV). These viruses are rarely expelled alone, but instead are embedded in a consortium of microorganisms that populate the respiratory tract. The impact of microbial communities and inter-pathogen interactions upon stability of transmitted viruses is well-characterized for enteric pathogens, but is under-studied in the respiratory niche. Here, we assessed whether the presence of five different species of commensal respiratory bacteria could influence the persistence of IAV within phosphate-buffered saline and artificial saliva droplets deposited on surfaces at typical indoor air humidity, and within airborne aerosol particles. In droplets, presence of individual species or a mixed bacterial community resulted in 10- to 100-fold more infectious IAV remaining after 1 h, due to bacterial-mediated flattening of drying droplets and early efflorescence. Even when no efflorescence occurred at high humidity or the bacteria-induced changes in droplet morphology were abolished by aerosolization instead of deposition on a well plate, the bacteria remained protective. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were the most stabilizing compared to other commensals at equivalent density, indicating the composition of an individual\'s respiratory microbiota is a previously unconsidered factor influencing expelled virus persistence.IMPORTANCEIt is known that respiratory infections such as coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza are transmitted by release of virus-containing aerosols and larger droplets by an infected host. The survival time of viruses expelled into the environment can vary depending on temperature, room air humidity, UV exposure, air composition, and suspending fluid. However, few studies consider the fact that respiratory viruses are not alone in the respiratory tract-we are constantly colonized by a plethora of bacteria in our noses, mouth, and lower respiratory system. In the gut, enteric viruses are known to be stabilized against inactivation and environmental decay by gut bacteria. Despite the presence of a similarly complex bacterial microbiota in the respiratory tract, few studies have investigated whether viral stabilization could occur in this niche. Here, we address this question by investigating influenza A virus stabilization by a range of commensal bacteria in systems representing respiratory aerosols and droplets.
摘要：
气溶胶传播仍然是控制呼吸道病毒的主要挑战，特别是那些引起反复流行的疾病，如甲型流感病毒（IAV）。这些病毒很少单独排出，而是嵌入呼吸道中的微生物群。微生物群落和病原体间相互作用对传播病毒稳定性的影响在肠道病原体中得到了很好的表征。但在呼吸小生境方面研究不足。这里,我们评估了在典型的室内空气湿度下，五种不同种类的共生呼吸道细菌的存在是否会影响IAV在磷酸盐缓冲盐水和表面沉积的人工唾液液滴中的持久性。在空气中的气溶胶颗粒内。在液滴中，单个物种或混合细菌群落的存在导致1小时后剩余的感染性IAV增加10到100倍，由于细菌介导的干燥液滴变平和早期风化。即使在高湿度下没有风化或细菌诱导的液滴形态变化被雾化而不是沉积在孔板上消除，细菌保持保护性。金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌与其他同等密度的共生菌相比最稳定，表明个体的呼吸道微生物群的组成是以前未考虑的影响排出病毒持久性的因素。重要众所周知，呼吸道感染如冠状病毒病2019和流感是通过受感染宿主释放含病毒的气溶胶和较大的液滴传播的。排出到环境中的病毒的存活时间可以根据温度而变化，室内空气湿度,UV暴露,空气成分,和悬浮流体。然而,很少有研究认为呼吸道病毒在呼吸道中并不孤单-我们经常被鼻子中过多的细菌定植，嘴，和下呼吸系统。在肠子里，已知肠道病毒对肠道细菌的灭活和环境腐烂具有稳定性。尽管呼吸道中存在类似复杂的细菌微生物群，很少有研究调查病毒稳定是否可以发生在这个利基。这里,我们通过研究代表呼吸道气溶胶和液滴的系统中一系列共生细菌对甲型流感病毒的稳定性来解决这个问题。
