Abstract：
The transfer of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance (AR) to the soil systems poses ecological hazards to various organisms, including earthworms. Understanding the complex interactions between earthworms, antibiotics, and AR in the soil system requires a comprehensive assessment. Hence, the present review investigates the behaviour, fate, impacts, and mechanisms involved in the interaction of earthworms with antibiotics and AR. The antibiotics and AR detected in earthworms and their associated media, such as vermicompost, are presented, but several other antibiotics and AR widely detected in soils remain understudied. As receptors and bioassay organisms, earthworms are adversely affected by antibiotics and AR causing (1) acute and chronic toxicity, and (2) emergence of AR in previously susceptible earthworm gut microbiota, respectively. The paper also highlights that, apart from this toxicity, earthworms can also mitigate against antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistance genes by reducing bacterial diversity and abundance. The behaviour and fate processes, including biodegradation pathways, biomarkers of antibiotics and AR in earthworms, are discussed. In addition, the factors controlling the behaviour and fate of antibiotics and AR and their interactions with earthworms are discussed. Overall, earthworms mitigate antibiotics and AR via various proximal and distal mechanisms, while dual but contradictory functions (i.e., mitigatory and facilitatory) were reported for AR. We recommend that future research based on the One-World-One-Health approach should address the following gaps: (1) under-studied antibiotics and AR, (2) degradation mechanisms and pathways of antibiotics, (3) effects of environmentally relevant mixtures of antibiotics, (4) bio-augmentation in earthworm-based bioremediation of antibiotics, (5) long-term fate of antibiotics and their metabolites, (6) bio-transfers of antibiotics and AR by earthworms, (7) development of earthworm biomarkers for antibiotics and AR, (8) application of earthworm-based bioremediation of antibiotics and AR, (9) cascading ecological impacts of antibiotics and AR on earthworms, and (10) pilot-scale field applications of earthworm-based bioremediation systems.
摘要：
抗生素和抗生素抗性（AR）向土壤系统的转移对各种生物构成生态危害，包括蚯蚓.了解蚯蚓之间复杂的相互作用，抗生素,土壤系统中的AR需要全面评估。因此，本评论调查了这种行为，命运,影响,以及蚯蚓与抗生素和AR相互作用的机制。在蚯蚓及其相关介质中检测到的抗生素和AR，比如蚯蚓粪,被呈现，但在土壤中广泛检测到的其他几种抗生素和AR仍未得到充分研究。作为受体和生物测定生物，蚯蚓受到抗生素和AR的不利影响，引起(1)急性和慢性毒性，(2)AR在先前易感的蚯蚓肠道菌群中的出现，分别。该论文还强调，除了这种毒性，蚯蚓还可以缓解抗生素的作用，抗生素抗性细菌和抗生素抗性基因通过减少细菌多样性和丰度。行为和命运的过程，包括生物降解途径，蚯蚓中抗生素和AR的生物标志物，正在讨论。此外,讨论了控制抗生素和AR行为和命运的因素及其与蚯蚓的相互作用。总的来说,蚯蚓通过各种近端和远端机制缓解抗生素和AR，而双重但矛盾的功能(即，缓解和促进)报告为AR。我们建议基于“一个世界-一个健康”方法的未来研究应解决以下差距：（1）研究不足的抗生素和AR，(2)抗生素的降解机制和途径,(3)环境相关的抗生素混合物的影响，(4)以蚯蚓为基础的抗生素生物修复中的生物强化,（5）抗生素及其代谢产物的长期命运，（6）蚯蚓对抗生素和AR的生物转移，(7)蚯蚓抗生素和AR生物标志物的研制,(8)应用蚯蚓生物修复抗生素和AR,（9）抗生素和AR对蚯蚓的级联生态影响，（10）蚯蚓生物修复系统的中试规模现场应用。
