PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: Extreme risk protection orders (ERPOs)-also known as red flag, risk warrant, and gun violence restraining orders-authorize law enforcement, family members, and sometimes others to petition a court to remove firearms from and prevent the acquisition of new firearms by a person judged to pose an immediate danger to themselves or others. Previous estimates suggest that 1 suicide is prevented for every 10 ERPOs issued, a number needed to treat that depends critically on the counterfactual estimate of the proportion of suicidal acts by ERPO respondents that would have involved firearms in the absence of ERPOs.
UNASSIGNED: To empirically inform updated estimates of the number of ERPOs needed to prevent 1 suicide.
UNASSIGNED: This cohort study used data from California for method-specific suicides by handgun ownership (October 18, 2004, to December 31, 2015). Handgun-owning suicide decedents in California were identified using individual-level registry data about lawful handgun ownership linked to cause-specific mortality for a cohort of more than 25 million adults. The study also used data from Connecticut for method-specific suicides among ERPO respondents who died by suicide, extracted from published data (October 1999 to June 2013). Data analysis was performed in December 2023.
UNASSIGNED: Handgun ownership.
UNASSIGNED: The primary outcomes were the number and distribution of suicidal acts by handgun owners in California, estimated using method-specific suicide mortality data and published case fatality ratios, and the counterfactual number and distribution of suicidal acts and deaths among ERPO respondents in Connecticut had no ERPOs been issued.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 1216 handgun owners (mean [SD] age, 50 [18] years; 1019 male [83.8%]) died by suicide during the study period. Among male handgun owners in California, 28% of suicidal acts involved firearms, 54% involved drug poisoning, 9% involved cutting or piercing, 3% involved hanging or suffocation, 2% involved poisoning with solids and/or liquids, and the remaining 4% involved other methods. Assuming this distribution approximates the counterfactual distribution among ERPO respondents in Connecticut in the absence of ERPOs, 1 suicide death was prevented for every 22 ERPOs issued.
UNASSIGNED: The estimates produced by this cohort study of California handgun owners suggest that ERPOs can play an important role in averting deaths among high-risk individuals.
UNASSIGNED: To empirically inform updated estimates of the number of ERPOs needed to prevent 1 suicide.
UNASSIGNED: This cohort study used data from California for method-specific suicides by handgun ownership (October 18, 2004, to December 31, 2015). Handgun-owning suicide decedents in California were identified using individual-level registry data about lawful handgun ownership linked to cause-specific mortality for a cohort of more than 25 million adults. The study also used data from Connecticut for method-specific suicides among ERPO respondents who died by suicide, extracted from published data (October 1999 to June 2013). Data analysis was performed in December 2023.
UNASSIGNED: Handgun ownership.
UNASSIGNED: The primary outcomes were the number and distribution of suicidal acts by handgun owners in California, estimated using method-specific suicide mortality data and published case fatality ratios, and the counterfactual number and distribution of suicidal acts and deaths among ERPO respondents in Connecticut had no ERPOs been issued.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 1216 handgun owners (mean [SD] age, 50 [18] years; 1019 male [83.8%]) died by suicide during the study period. Among male handgun owners in California, 28% of suicidal acts involved firearms, 54% involved drug poisoning, 9% involved cutting or piercing, 3% involved hanging or suffocation, 2% involved poisoning with solids and/or liquids, and the remaining 4% involved other methods. Assuming this distribution approximates the counterfactual distribution among ERPO respondents in Connecticut in the absence of ERPOs, 1 suicide death was prevented for every 22 ERPOs issued.
UNASSIGNED: The estimates produced by this cohort study of California handgun owners suggest that ERPOs can play an important role in averting deaths among high-risk individuals.
摘要：
■极端风险保护令（ERPO）-也称为红旗，风险权证，和枪支暴力限制令-授权执法，家庭成员,有时还有其他人向法院请愿，要求将枪支从被判定对自己或他人构成直接危险的人手中移走，并防止他们获得新的枪支。以前的估计表明，每发布10个ERPO就可以预防1次自杀，治疗这一问题所需的数字在很大程度上取决于ERPO受访者对在没有ERPO的情况下可能涉及枪支的自杀行为比例的反事实估计.
■以经验方式告知预防1起自杀所需的ERPO数量的最新估计值。
■这项队列研究使用了来自加利福尼亚州的数据，用于通过手枪所有权（2004年10月18日至2015年12月31日）进行的特定方法自杀。使用个人级别的注册数据确定了加利福尼亚州拥有手枪的自杀死者，该数据涉及与超过2500万成年人的特定原因死亡率相关的合法手枪所有权。该研究还使用了康涅狄格州的数据，用于因自杀而死亡的ERPO受访者中特定方法的自杀，从公布的数据中提取(1999年10月至2013年6月)。数据分析于2023年12月进行。
■手枪所有权。
■主要结果是加利福尼亚手枪拥有者自杀行为的数量和分布，使用特定方法的自杀死亡率数据和公布的病死率进行估计，在未发布ERPO的情况下，康涅狄格州ERPO受访者中自杀行为和死亡的反事实数量和分布。
■共有1216名手枪拥有者(平均[SD]年龄，50[18]岁；1019名男性[83.8%]）在研究期间死于自杀。在加州的男性手枪拥有者中，28%的自杀行为涉及枪支，54%涉及药物中毒,9%涉及切割或穿孔，3%涉及上吊或窒息，2%涉及固体和/或液体中毒，其余4%涉及其他方法。假设在没有ERPO的情况下，这种分布近似于康涅狄格州ERPO受访者之间的反事实分布，每发布22份ERPO，就有1人自杀死亡。
■这项对加利福尼亚手枪拥有者的队列研究得出的估计表明，ERPO可以在避免高危人群死亡方面发挥重要作用。
■以经验方式告知预防1起自杀所需的ERPO数量的最新估计值。
■这项队列研究使用了来自加利福尼亚州的数据，用于通过手枪所有权（2004年10月18日至2015年12月31日）进行的特定方法自杀。使用个人级别的注册数据确定了加利福尼亚州拥有手枪的自杀死者，该数据涉及与超过2500万成年人的特定原因死亡率相关的合法手枪所有权。该研究还使用了康涅狄格州的数据，用于因自杀而死亡的ERPO受访者中特定方法的自杀，从公布的数据中提取(1999年10月至2013年6月)。数据分析于2023年12月进行。
■手枪所有权。
■主要结果是加利福尼亚手枪拥有者自杀行为的数量和分布，使用特定方法的自杀死亡率数据和公布的病死率进行估计，在未发布ERPO的情况下，康涅狄格州ERPO受访者中自杀行为和死亡的反事实数量和分布。
■共有1216名手枪拥有者(平均[SD]年龄，50[18]岁；1019名男性[83.8%]）在研究期间死于自杀。在加州的男性手枪拥有者中，28%的自杀行为涉及枪支，54%涉及药物中毒,9%涉及切割或穿孔，3%涉及上吊或窒息，2%涉及固体和/或液体中毒，其余4%涉及其他方法。假设在没有ERPO的情况下，这种分布近似于康涅狄格州ERPO受访者之间的反事实分布，每发布22份ERPO，就有1人自杀死亡。
■这项对加利福尼亚手枪拥有者的队列研究得出的估计表明，ERPO可以在避免高危人群死亡方面发挥重要作用。
