Abstract：
Empathy and self-efficacy for smoking cessation counseling can be enhanced through smoking cessation training. Narrative videos and virtual reality (VR) games have been applied in medical education, but their application in smoking cessation training is limited and understudied.
To evaluate the effect of smokers\' narrative videos and mini-VR games on nursing students\' empathy towards smokers (State Empathy Scale), confidence in practicing empathy, self-efficacy in smoking cessation counseling, and learning satisfaction.
An open-labeled randomized controlled trial, registration number: NCT05440877 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
Master of nursing students from the University in Hong Kong who enrolled in a smoking cessation course.
All students attended a tutorial including case-based discussions and role-play. The intervention group could additionally access the narrative videos and mini-VR games of smokers\' cases. Linear mixed models and Cohen\'s d were used to evaluate the intervention effect on the self-reported learning outcomes after the intervention.
26 students enrolled in this trial, with 13 in each trial arm. All completed the trial. Post-test state empathy scores were significantly higher in the control group than in the intervention group (Cohen\'s d = 0.814, p = 0.049). No significant group differences were observed in the change of confidence in practicing empathy (β = -11.154, p = 0.073), self-efficacy (β = 4.846, p = 0.096), and students\' learning satisfaction (Cohen\'s d = 0.041, p = 0.917). Both groups showed a significant increase in self-efficacy post-test (p < 0.001).
Narrative videos showing smoking scenes and reluctance to quit, and our mini-VR games may weaken nursing students\' empathy towards smokers. Smoking cessation training involving narrative videos should be modified. Debriefing and guidance to understand smokers\' difficulties and express empathy are needed. VR games for smoking cessation training can involve more frame stories and challenging tasks to increase engagement.
To evaluate the effect of smokers\' narrative videos and mini-VR games on nursing students\' empathy towards smokers (State Empathy Scale), confidence in practicing empathy, self-efficacy in smoking cessation counseling, and learning satisfaction.
An open-labeled randomized controlled trial, registration number: NCT05440877 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
Master of nursing students from the University in Hong Kong who enrolled in a smoking cessation course.
All students attended a tutorial including case-based discussions and role-play. The intervention group could additionally access the narrative videos and mini-VR games of smokers\' cases. Linear mixed models and Cohen\'s d were used to evaluate the intervention effect on the self-reported learning outcomes after the intervention.
26 students enrolled in this trial, with 13 in each trial arm. All completed the trial. Post-test state empathy scores were significantly higher in the control group than in the intervention group (Cohen\'s d = 0.814, p = 0.049). No significant group differences were observed in the change of confidence in practicing empathy (β = -11.154, p = 0.073), self-efficacy (β = 4.846, p = 0.096), and students\' learning satisfaction (Cohen\'s d = 0.041, p = 0.917). Both groups showed a significant increase in self-efficacy post-test (p < 0.001).
Narrative videos showing smoking scenes and reluctance to quit, and our mini-VR games may weaken nursing students\' empathy towards smokers. Smoking cessation training involving narrative videos should be modified. Debriefing and guidance to understand smokers\' difficulties and express empathy are needed. VR games for smoking cessation training can involve more frame stories and challenging tasks to increase engagement.
摘要：
背景：戒烟培训可以提高戒烟咨询的同理心和自我效能感。叙事视频和虚拟现实（VR）游戏已在医学教育中应用，但是它们在戒烟培训中的应用有限且研究不足。
目的：评估吸烟者的叙事视频和迷你VR游戏对护生对吸烟者的移情效果（状态移情量表），练习同理心的信心，戒烟咨询中的自我效能感，和学习满意度。
方法：一项开放标记的随机对照试验，注册号：NCT05440877(ClinicalTrials.gov)。
方法：参加戒烟课程的香港大学护理硕士。
方法：所有学生都参加了教程，包括基于案例的讨论和角色扮演。干预组还可以访问吸烟者案例的叙事视频和迷你VR游戏。采用线性混合模型和Cohen'sd评价干预后对自我报告学习成果的干预效果。
结果：26名学生参加了这项试验，每个试验臂有13个。所有人都完成了审判。对照组的测试后状态共情评分明显高于干预组(Cohen\sd=0.814,p=0.049)。同理心信心的变化无显著组间差异(β=-11.154,p=0.073),自我效能感(β=4.846，p=0.096)，和学生的学习满意度(科恩的d=0.041，p=0.917)。两组测试后的自我效能感均显着增加（p<0.001）。
结论：叙事视频显示吸烟场景和不愿戒烟，我们的迷你VR游戏可能会削弱护理学生对吸烟者的同情心。应修改涉及叙事视频的戒烟培训。需要汇报和指导以了解吸烟者的困难并表达同理心。用于戒烟训练的VR游戏可以涉及更多的框架故事和具有挑战性的任务，以增加参与度。
目的：评估吸烟者的叙事视频和迷你VR游戏对护生对吸烟者的移情效果（状态移情量表），练习同理心的信心，戒烟咨询中的自我效能感，和学习满意度。
方法：一项开放标记的随机对照试验，注册号：NCT05440877(ClinicalTrials.gov)。
方法：参加戒烟课程的香港大学护理硕士。
方法：所有学生都参加了教程，包括基于案例的讨论和角色扮演。干预组还可以访问吸烟者案例的叙事视频和迷你VR游戏。采用线性混合模型和Cohen'sd评价干预后对自我报告学习成果的干预效果。
结果：26名学生参加了这项试验，每个试验臂有13个。所有人都完成了审判。对照组的测试后状态共情评分明显高于干预组(Cohen\sd=0.814,p=0.049)。同理心信心的变化无显著组间差异(β=-11.154,p=0.073),自我效能感(β=4.846，p=0.096)，和学生的学习满意度(科恩的d=0.041，p=0.917)。两组测试后的自我效能感均显着增加（p<0.001）。
结论：叙事视频显示吸烟场景和不愿戒烟，我们的迷你VR游戏可能会削弱护理学生对吸烟者的同情心。应修改涉及叙事视频的戒烟培训。需要汇报和指导以了解吸烟者的困难并表达同理心。用于戒烟训练的VR游戏可以涉及更多的框架故事和具有挑战性的任务，以增加参与度。
