Abstract：
CONCLUSIONS: Petal developmental characteristics in Fumarioideae were similar at early stages, and the specialized nectar holder/pollen container formed by the outer/inner petals. The micro-morphology of these two structures, however, shows diversity in seven species. Elaborate petals have been modified to form different types, including petal lobes, ridges, protuberances, and spurs, each with specialized functions. Nectar holder and pollen container presumably have a function in plant-pollinator interactions. In Fumarioideae, four elaborate petals of the disymmetric/zygomorphic flower present architecture forming the \"nectar holder\" and \"pollen container\" structure at the bottom and top separately. In the present study, the petals of seven species in Fumarioideae were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, light microscope, and transmission electron microscopes. The results show that petal development could divided into six stages: initiation, enlargement, adaxial/abaxial differentiation, elaborate specializations (sacs, spurs, and lobes formed), extension, and maturation, while the specialized \"nectar holder\" and \"pollen container\" structures mainly formed in stage 4. \"Nectar holder\" is developed from the shallow sac/spur differentiated at the base of the outer petal, eventually forming a multi-organized complex structure, together with staminal nectaries (1-2) with individual sizes. A semi-closed ellipsoidal \"pollen container\" is developed from the apical part of the 3-lobed inner petals fused by middle lobes and attain different sizes. The adaxial epidermis cells are specialized, with more distinct punctate/dense columnar protrusions or wavy cuticles presented on obviously thickening cell walls. In addition, a large and well-developed cavity appears between the inner and outer epidermis of the petals. As an exception, Hypecoum erectum middle lobes present stamen mimicry. Elaborate petal structure is crucial for comprehending the petal diversity in Fumarioideae and provides more evidence for further exploration of the reproductive study in Papaveraceae.
摘要：
结论：Fumarioideae的花瓣发育特征在早期阶段相似，和由外部/内部花瓣形成的专用花蜜保持器/花粉容器。这两种结构的微观形态，然而,显示了七个物种的多样性。精心制作的花瓣已经被修改成不同的类型，包括花瓣裂片，山脊,突起,和马刺,每个都有专门的功能。花蜜架和花粉容器可能在植物-传粉媒介相互作用中起作用。在Fumarioideae，不对称/对称花的四个精致花瓣在底部和顶部分别形成“花蜜架”和“花粉容器”结构。在本研究中,通过扫描电子显微镜研究了Fumarioideae中七个物种的花瓣，光学显微镜,和透射电子显微镜。结果表明，花瓣发育可分为六个阶段：起始阶段，扩大，前轴/后轴分化，精心的专业化(sacs，马刺,和形成的裂片)，扩展,和成熟，而专门的“花蜜架”和“花粉容器”结构主要形成于阶段4。“花蜜支架”是从外部花瓣底部的浅囊/刺形成的，最终形成一个多组织的复杂结构，连同个别大小的雄蕊蜜腺（1-2）。半封闭的椭圆体“花粉容器”是从3瓣内部花瓣的顶端部分发育而来的，该花瓣与中间裂片融合并达到不同的大小。近轴表皮细胞是特化的,在明显增厚的细胞壁上呈现较明显的点状/致密柱状突起或波状角质层。此外,花瓣的内表皮和外表皮之间出现一个大而发育良好的空腔。作为例外,次长直立中部裂片存在雄蕊拟态。详细的花瓣结构对于理解凤梨科的花瓣多样性至关重要，并为进一步探索罂粟科的生殖研究提供了更多证据。
