Abstract：
Breakthroughs in actual clinical applications have begun through vaccine-based cancer immunotherapy, which uses the body\'s immune system, both humoral and cellular, to attack malignant cells and fight diseases. However, conventional vaccine approaches still face multiple challenges eliciting effective antigen-specific immune responses, resulting in immunotherapy resistance. In recent years, biomimetic nanovaccines have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional vaccine approaches by incorporating the natural structure of various biological entities, such as cells, viruses, and bacteria. Biomimetic nanovaccines offer the benefit of targeted antigen-presenting cell (APC) delivery, improved antigen/adjuvant loading, and biocompatibility, thereby improving the sensitivity of immunotherapy. This review presents a comprehensive overview of several kinds of biomimetic nanovaccines in anticancer immune response, including cell membrane-coated nanovaccines, self-assembling protein-based nanovaccines, extracellular vesicle-based nanovaccines, natural ligand-modified nanovaccines, artificial antigen-presenting cells-based nanovaccines and liposome-based nanovaccines. We also discuss the perspectives and challenges associated with the clinical translation of emerging biomimetic nanovaccine platforms for sensitizing cancer cells to immunotherapy.
摘要：
通过以疫苗为基础的癌症免疫疗法，已经开始在实际临床应用中取得突破，它使用人体的免疫系统，体液和细胞，攻击恶性细胞和对抗疾病。然而,传统的疫苗方法仍然面临着引发有效的抗原特异性免疫反应的多重挑战，导致免疫疗法耐药。近年来,通过结合各种生物实体的天然结构，仿生纳米疫苗已成为传统疫苗方法的有希望的替代品，如细胞，病毒,和细菌。仿生纳米疫苗提供靶向抗原呈递细胞（APC）递送的好处，改进的抗原/佐剂负载，和生物相容性，从而提高免疫治疗的敏感性。本文综述了几种仿生纳米疫苗在抗肿瘤免疫反应中的作用,包括细胞膜包覆的纳米疫苗，基于蛋白质的自组装纳米疫苗，基于细胞外囊泡的纳米疫苗，天然配体修饰的纳米疫苗，基于人工抗原呈递细胞的纳米疫苗和基于脂质体的纳米疫苗。我们还讨论了与新兴的仿生纳米疫苗平台的临床翻译相关的观点和挑战，这些平台用于使癌细胞对免疫疗法敏感。
