PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
When bilingual speakers switch back to speaking in their native language (L1) after having used their second language (L2), they often experience difficulty in retrieving words in their L1. This phenomenon is referred to as the L2 after-effect. We used the L2 after-effect as a lens to explore the neural bases of bilingual language control mechanisms. Our goal was twofold: first, to explore whether bilingual language control draws on domain-general or language-specific mechanisms; second, to investigate the precise mechanism(s) that drive the L2 after-effect. We used a precision fMRI approach based on functional localizers to measure the extent to which the brain activity that reflects the L2 after-effect overlaps with the language network (Fedorenko et al., 2010) and the domain-general multiple demand network (Duncan, 2010), as well as three task-specific networks that tap into interference resolution, lexical retrieval, and articulation. Forty-two Polish-English bilinguals participated in the study. Our results show that the L2 after-effect reflects increased engagement of domain-general but not language-specific resources. Furthermore, contrary to previously proposed interpretations, we did not find evidence that the effect reflects increased difficulty related to lexical access, articulation, and the resolution of lexical interference. We propose that difficulty of speech production in the picture naming paradigm-manifested as the L2 after-effect-reflects interference at a nonlinguistic level of task schemas or a general increase of cognitive control engagement during speech production in L1 after L2.
摘要：
当双语者在使用第二语言（L2）后切换回以母语（L1）发言时，他们经常在L1中检索单词时遇到困难。这种现象被称为L2后效应。我们使用L2后效作为镜头来探索双语语言控制机制的神经基础。我们的目标是双重的：首先，探索双语语言控制是利用领域通用机制还是语言特定机制；第二，研究驱动L2后效应的精确机制。我们使用基于功能定位器的精确fMRI方法来测量反映L2后效的大脑活动与语言网络重叠的程度（Fedorenko等人。,2010)和域通用多需求网络(邓肯，2010),以及三个特定任务的网络，利用干扰分辨率，词汇检索,和衔接。42名波兰语-英语双语者参加了这项研究。我们的结果表明，L2后效应反映了通用领域而非特定语言资源的参与度增加。此外，与先前提出的解释相反，我们没有发现证据表明这种效应反映了与词汇访问相关的难度增加，衔接,和词汇干扰的分辨率。我们认为，图片命名范式中的语音产生困难-表现为L2后效应-反映了任务模式的非语言级别的干扰或L2后L1中语音产生过程中认知控制参与度的普遍增加。
