Abstract：
The forward osmosis (FO) process has recently gained significant interest in treating wastewater, brackish/seawater and concentrating feedstocks for various operations, including desalination. The study investigates the effect of different synthesis conditions of the polyamide-based thin-film composite (TFC) FO membranes on the membranes\' final performance. Taguchi statistical analyses were used to fabricate and optimize the polyamide TFC FO membrane. The process parameters as factors were the amount of polyethersulfone (PES), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), m-phenylenediamine (MPD), and trimesoyl chloride (TMC), and TMC reaction-time (RT). The Taguchi method was adopted to investigate the optimal conditions and the significance of individual factors using an L16 (45) orthogonal array. Another Taguchi analysis (Taguchi 2) was adopted to investigate the influence of other important parameters like optimal conditions for MPD, TMC, and TMC reaction-time factors using an L9 (33) orthogonal array. Confirmation tests validated a maximum water flux of 46.4 ± 2.32 L/m2·h with a specific combination of control factors for membrane synthesis: PES/PEG/PVP/MPD/TMC/TMC RT-16/7/0.5/1/0.05/30. These tests demonstrated a high-water flux of 7.05 ± 0.35 L/m2·h when exposed to industrial wastewater (secondary effluent) as the feed solution (FS) and fertilizer as the draw solution (DS) in the FO process. The R2 values were more than 90%. The experimental validation confirmed the models\' predictive ability with different FSs, including industrial wastewater.
摘要：
正渗透（FO）工艺最近在处理废水方面获得了极大的兴趣，用于各种操作的微咸/海水和浓缩原料，包括海水淡化。该研究调查了聚酰胺基薄膜复合材料（TFC）FO膜的不同合成条件对膜最终性能的影响。使用Taguchi统计分析来制造和优化聚酰胺TFCFO膜。作为因素的工艺参数是聚醚砜(PES)的量，聚乙二醇400（PEG-400），聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP),间苯二胺(MPD),和均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)，和TMC反应时间(RT)。采用Taguchi方法，使用L16（45）正交阵列研究了最佳条件和单个因素的重要性。另一个Taguchi分析（Taguchi2）被用来研究其他重要参数的影响，如MPD的最佳条件，TMC,和TMC反应时间因子使用L9(33)正交阵列。确认测试验证了最大水通量为46.4±2.32L/m2·h，膜合成的控制因素的特定组合为：PES/PEG/PVP/MPD/TMC/TMCRT-16/7/0.5/1/0.05/30。这些测试表明，在FO过程中，当暴露于工业废水（二级废水）作为进料溶液（FS）和肥料作为汲取溶液（DS）时，高水通量为7.05±0.35L/m2·h。R2值大于90%。实验验证证实了模型对不同FS的预测能力，包括工业废水。
