Abstract：
Anthropogenic activities have drastically transformed natural landscapes, profoundly impacting land use and land cover (LULC) and, consequently, the provision and functionality of ecosystem service values (ESVs). Evaluating the changes in LULC and their influence on ESVs is imperative to protect ecologically fragile ecosystems from degradation. This study focuses on a highly sensitive Upper Ganga riverine wetland in India, covering Hapur, Amroha, Bulandshahr, and Sambhal districts, which is well-known for its significant endemic flora and fauna. The study analyzes the subtle variability in ecosystem services offered by the various LULC biomes, including riverine wetland, built-up, cropland, forest, sandbar, and unused land. LULC classification is carried out using Landsat satellite imagery 5 and 8 for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020, using the random forest method. The spatiotemporal changing pattern of ESVs is assessed utilizing the value transfer method with two distinct value coefficients: global value coefficients (C14) for a worldwide perspective and modified local value coefficients X08 for a more specific local context. The results show a significant increase in built-up and unused land, with a corresponding decrease in wetlands and forests from 2000 to 2020. The combined ESVs for all the districts are worth US $5072 million (C14) and US $2139 million (X08) in the year 2000, which declined to US $4510 million (C14) and US $1770 million (X08) in the year 2020. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the coefficient of sensitivity (CS) is below one for all biomes, suggesting the robustness of the employed value coefficients in estimating ESVs. Moreover, the analysis identifies cropland, followed by forests and wetlands, as the LULC biomes most responsive to changes. This research provides crucial insights to stakeholders and policymakers for developing sustainable land management practices aimed at enhancing the ecological worth of the Upper Ganga Riverine Wetland.
摘要：
人为活动极大地改变了自然景观，深刻影响土地利用和土地覆盖(LULC)，因此,生态系统服务价值(ESV)的提供和功能。评估LULC的变化及其对ESV的影响对于保护生态脆弱的生态系统免受退化至关重要。这项研究的重点是印度高度敏感的上恒河湿地，覆盖Hapur,Amroha,Bulandshahr,和Sambhal区，以其重要的特有动植物而闻名。该研究分析了各种LULC生物群落提供的生态系统服务的微妙变化，包括河流湿地，建立，农田,森林,沙巴,未使用的土地。LULC分类是使用2000年，2010年和2020年的Landsat卫星图像5和8，使用随机森林方法进行的。利用具有两个不同价值系数的价值转移方法评估ESV的时空变化模式:用于全球视角的全局价值系数(C14)和用于更具体的局部上下文的修改的局部价值系数X08。结果表明,建成用地和闲置用地明显增加,从2000年到2020年，湿地和森林相应减少。所有地区的ESV在2000年的总价值分别为5.072亿美元（C14）和2.139亿美元（X08），在2020年下降至4.510亿美元（C14）和1.77亿美元（X08）。敏感性分析表明，所有生物群落的敏感性系数(CS)均低于1，表明采用的价值系数在估计ESV时的稳健性。此外，分析确定了农田，其次是森林和湿地，作为LULC生物群落对变化最敏感。这项研究为利益相关者和政策制定者提供了重要的见解，以制定旨在提高上恒河湿地生态价值的可持续土地管理实践。
