Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Occupational classes exert substantial effects on both subjective and objective health outcomes. However, it remains unclear whether the health impact of similar occupational classes varies across racial groups among middle-aged and older adults in the United States.
OBJECTIVE: Grounded in the theory of Minorities\' Diminished Returns (MDRs), which posits that health benefits from resources such as employment are systematically weaker for racial minority populations, particularly Non-Latino Black individuals, this study tested Black-White disparities in the effects of similar occupational classes on health outcomes in middle-aged and older adults.
METHODS: Utilizing data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we employed a 30-year longitudinal design with a nationally representative sample of middle-aged and older adults in the United States. Six occupational classes-operator, managerial, professional specialty, sales, clerical/admin, and service-served as the key predictor variables (independent variables), with race as the moderator. Various health outcomes, including self-rated health, chronic disease, body mass index (BMI), activities of daily living (ADL), and cognitive function, were measured longitudinally from wave 1 to wave 15 (from baseline to 30 years later). Statistical analyses, incorporating logistic regression models, were conducted to assess associations between occupational class and health outcomes overall and based on race.
RESULTS: Our analysis included 7538 Non-Latino White or Non-Latino Black participants followed for up to 30 years. Initial findings revealed positive health effects of professional occupations on cognitive function and self-rated health over 30 years of follow-uWe also identified significant interactions between race and professional occupational class on all health outcomes, indicating notable racial differences in the effects of professional occupations on health outcomes across domains. The effects of professional occupational class were weaker for Non-Latino Black individuals than for Non-Latino White individuals.
CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with the Minorities\' Diminished Returns theory, our findings indicated less pronounced positive effects of professional occupations on a wide range of health outcomes for Non-Latino Black individuals compared to Non-Latino Whites. These disparities emphasize the critical need to address structural factors that contribute to the diminished returns of prestigious occupations for Non-Latino Black populations.
OBJECTIVE: Grounded in the theory of Minorities\' Diminished Returns (MDRs), which posits that health benefits from resources such as employment are systematically weaker for racial minority populations, particularly Non-Latino Black individuals, this study tested Black-White disparities in the effects of similar occupational classes on health outcomes in middle-aged and older adults.
METHODS: Utilizing data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we employed a 30-year longitudinal design with a nationally representative sample of middle-aged and older adults in the United States. Six occupational classes-operator, managerial, professional specialty, sales, clerical/admin, and service-served as the key predictor variables (independent variables), with race as the moderator. Various health outcomes, including self-rated health, chronic disease, body mass index (BMI), activities of daily living (ADL), and cognitive function, were measured longitudinally from wave 1 to wave 15 (from baseline to 30 years later). Statistical analyses, incorporating logistic regression models, were conducted to assess associations between occupational class and health outcomes overall and based on race.
RESULTS: Our analysis included 7538 Non-Latino White or Non-Latino Black participants followed for up to 30 years. Initial findings revealed positive health effects of professional occupations on cognitive function and self-rated health over 30 years of follow-uWe also identified significant interactions between race and professional occupational class on all health outcomes, indicating notable racial differences in the effects of professional occupations on health outcomes across domains. The effects of professional occupational class were weaker for Non-Latino Black individuals than for Non-Latino White individuals.
CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with the Minorities\' Diminished Returns theory, our findings indicated less pronounced positive effects of professional occupations on a wide range of health outcomes for Non-Latino Black individuals compared to Non-Latino Whites. These disparities emphasize the critical need to address structural factors that contribute to the diminished returns of prestigious occupations for Non-Latino Black populations.
摘要：
背景：职业课程对主观和客观健康结果均产生重大影响。然而,目前尚不清楚,在美国中年人和老年人中,类似职业类别对健康的影响是否因种族群体而异.
目标：扎根于少数群体理论，这表明，少数族裔人口从就业等资源中获得的健康益处系统性地减弱，特别是非拉丁裔黑人，这项研究检验了中年人和老年人在相似职业类别对健康结局影响方面的黑白差异.
方法：利用健康与退休研究（HRS）的数据，我们采用了一项为期30年的纵向设计,对美国中老年人进行了具有全国代表性的样本.六个职业班-操作员，管理,专业特长,销售,文书/行政,和服务作为关键预测变量(独立变量)，以种族为主持人。各种健康结果，包括自我评估的健康，慢性疾病,体重指数（BMI），日常生活活动（ADL），和认知功能，从第1波到第15波（从基线到30年后）进行纵向测量。统计分析，结合逻辑回归模型，进行评估职业类别和健康结果之间的整体和基于种族的关联。
结果：我们的分析包括7538名非拉丁裔白人或非拉丁裔黑人参与者，随访长达30年。初步发现显示，在30年的随访中，职业职业对认知功能和自我评估健康的积极健康影响-uWe还确定了种族和职业职业类别对所有健康结果的显着相互作用，表明专业职业对各领域健康结果的影响存在显著的种族差异。非拉丁裔黑人的职业职业阶层的影响比非拉丁裔白人的弱。
结论：与少数群体收益递减理论一致，我们的研究结果表明,与非拉丁裔白人相比,职业职业对非拉丁裔黑人个体的广泛健康结果的积极影响不太明显.这些差异强调了解决结构性因素的迫切需要，这些因素导致非拉丁裔黑人人口享有声望的职业的回报减少。
目标：扎根于少数群体理论，这表明，少数族裔人口从就业等资源中获得的健康益处系统性地减弱，特别是非拉丁裔黑人，这项研究检验了中年人和老年人在相似职业类别对健康结局影响方面的黑白差异.
方法：利用健康与退休研究（HRS）的数据，我们采用了一项为期30年的纵向设计,对美国中老年人进行了具有全国代表性的样本.六个职业班-操作员，管理,专业特长,销售,文书/行政,和服务作为关键预测变量(独立变量)，以种族为主持人。各种健康结果，包括自我评估的健康，慢性疾病,体重指数（BMI），日常生活活动（ADL），和认知功能，从第1波到第15波（从基线到30年后）进行纵向测量。统计分析，结合逻辑回归模型，进行评估职业类别和健康结果之间的整体和基于种族的关联。
结果：我们的分析包括7538名非拉丁裔白人或非拉丁裔黑人参与者，随访长达30年。初步发现显示，在30年的随访中，职业职业对认知功能和自我评估健康的积极健康影响-uWe还确定了种族和职业职业类别对所有健康结果的显着相互作用，表明专业职业对各领域健康结果的影响存在显著的种族差异。非拉丁裔黑人的职业职业阶层的影响比非拉丁裔白人的弱。
结论：与少数群体收益递减理论一致，我们的研究结果表明,与非拉丁裔白人相比,职业职业对非拉丁裔黑人个体的广泛健康结果的积极影响不太明显.这些差异强调了解决结构性因素的迫切需要，这些因素导致非拉丁裔黑人人口享有声望的职业的回报减少。
