Abstract：
The history of the topic of proteins at soft interfaces dates back to the 19th century, and until the present day, it has continuously attracted great scientific interest. A multitude of experimental methods and theoretical approaches have been developed to serve the research progress in this large domain of colloid and interface science, including the area of soft colloids such as foams and emulsions. From classical methods like surface tension adsorption isotherms, surface pressure-area measurements for spread layers, and surface rheology probing the dynamics of adsorption, nowadays, advanced surface-sensitive techniques based on spectroscopy, microscopy, and the reflection of light, X-rays and neutrons at liquid/fluid interfaces offers important complementary sources of information. Apart from the fundamental characteristics of protein adsorption layers, i.e., surface tension and surface excess, the nanoscale structure of such layers and the interfacial protein conformations and morphologies are of pivotal importance for extending the depth of understanding on the topic. In this review article, we provide an extensive overview of the application of three methods, namely, ellipsometry, X-ray reflectometry and neutron reflectometry, for adsorption and structural studies on proteins at water/air and water/oil interfaces. The main attention is placed on the development of experimental approaches and on a discussion of the relevant achievements in terms of notable experimental results. We have attempted to cover the whole history of protein studies with these techniques, and thus, we believe the review should serve as a valuable reference to fuel ideas for a wide spectrum of researchers in different scientific fields where proteins at soft interface may be of relevance.
摘要：
软界面蛋白质主题的历史可以追溯到19世纪，直到今天，它不断吸引着巨大的科学兴趣。已经开发了许多实验方法和理论方法来服务于胶体和界面科学这一领域的研究进展。包括泡沫和乳液等软胶体的区域。从表面张力吸附等温线等经典方法来看，铺展层的表面压力-面积测量，和表面流变学探测吸附动力学，如今,基于光谱学的先进表面敏感技术，显微镜,和光线的反射，液体/流体界面处的X射线和中子提供了重要的补充信息源。除了蛋白质吸附层的基本特征，即，表面张力和表面过量，这些层的纳米级结构以及界面蛋白质的构象和形态对于扩展对该主题的理解深度至关重要。在这篇评论文章中，我们对三种方法的应用进行了广泛的概述，即,椭圆光度法,X射线反射仪和中子反射仪,用于水/空气和水/油界面上蛋白质的吸附和结构研究。主要注意力放在实验方法的发展上，以及在显着的实验结果方面对相关成就的讨论。我们试图用这些技术涵盖蛋白质研究的整个历史，因此，我们认为，这篇评论应该作为一个有价值的参考，为不同科学领域的广泛研究人员提供灵感，在这些领域，软界面上的蛋白质可能是相关的。
