Abstract：
Melanocytic neoplasms originate from melanocytes and melanoma, the malignant form, is a common canine neoplasm and the most aggressive human skin cancer. Despite many similarities between these neoplasms in both species, only a limited number of studies have approached these entities in a comparative manner. Therefore, this review compares benign and malignant melanocytic neoplasms in dogs and humans, exclusively those arising in the haired skin, with regard to their clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular aspects. Shared features include spontaneous occurrence, macroscopic features and microscopic findings when comparing human skin melanoma in the advanced/invasive stage and canine cutaneous melanoma, immunohistochemical markers and several histopathological prognostic factors. Differences include the apparent absence of active mutations in the BRAF gene in canine cutaneous melanoma and less aggressive clinical behaviour in dogs than in humans. Further studies are required to elucidate the aetiology and genetic development pathways of canine cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms. Evaluation of the applicability of histopathological prognostic parameters commonly used in humans for dogs are also needed. The similarities between the species and the recent findings regarding genetic mutations in canine cutaneous melanomas suggest the potential utility of dogs as a natural model for human melanomas that are not related to ultraviolet radiation.
摘要：
黑素细胞肿瘤起源于黑素细胞和黑色素瘤，恶性形式，是一种常见的犬肿瘤和最具侵袭性的人类皮肤癌。尽管这两个物种的肿瘤有许多相似之处，只有有限数量的研究以比较的方式研究了这些实体。因此,这篇综述比较了狗和人类的良性和恶性黑素细胞肿瘤，只出现在头发皮肤上的那些，关于他们的临床病理，免疫组织化学和分子方面。共享特征包括自发发生，比较晚期/侵袭期人类皮肤黑色素瘤和犬皮肤黑色素瘤时的宏观特征和微观发现，免疫组织化学标记和几种组织病理学预后因素。差异包括在犬皮肤黑色素瘤中BRAF基因中明显不存在活性突变，并且在狗中的侵袭性临床行为低于人类。需要进一步的研究来阐明犬皮肤黑素细胞肿瘤的病因和遗传发育途径。还需要评估通常用于狗的组织病理学预后参数的适用性。该物种与有关犬皮肤黑素瘤基因突变的最新发现之间的相似性表明，狗作为与紫外线辐射无关的人类黑素瘤的自然模型的潜在用途。
