Abstract：
To ensure the safe use of materials, one must assess the identity and quantity of exposure. Solid materials, such as plastics, metals, coatings and cements, degrade to some extent during their life cycle, and releases can occur during manufacturing, use and end-of-life. Releases (e.g., what is released, how does release happen, and how much material is released) depend on the composition and internal (nano)structures of the material as well as the applied stresses during the lifecycle. We consider, in some depth, releases from mechanical, weathering and thermal stresses and specifically address the use cases of fused-filament 3D printing, dermal contact, food contact and textile washing. Solid materials can release embedded nanomaterials, composite fragments, or micro- and nanoplastics, as well as volatile organics, ions and dissolved organics. The identity of the release is often a heterogenous mixture and requires adapted strategies for sampling and analysis, with suitable quality control measures. Control materials enhance robustness by enabling comparative testing, but reference materials are not always available as yet. The quantity of releases is typically described by time-dependent rates that are modulated by the nature and intensity of the applied stress, the chemical identity of the polymer or other solid matrix, and the chemical identity and compatibility of embedded engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) or other additives. Standardization of methods and the documentation of metadata, including all the above descriptors of the tested material, applied stresses, sampling and analytics, are identified as important needs to advance the field and to generate robust, comparable assessments. In this regard, there are strong methodological synergies between the study of all solid materials, including the study of micro- and nanoplastics. From an outlook perspective, we review the hazard of the released entities, and show how this informs risk assessment. We also address the transfer of methods to related issues such as tyre wear, advanced materials and advanced manufacturing, biodegradable polymers, and non-solid matrices. As the consideration of released entities will become more routine in industry via lifecycle assessment in Safe-and-Sustainable-by-Design practices, release assessments will require careful design of the study with quality controls, the use of agreed-on test materials and standardized methods where these exist and the adoption of clearly defined data reporting practices that enable data reuse, meta-analyses, and comparative studies.
摘要：
为确保材料的安全使用，必须评估暴露的身份和数量。固体材料,比如塑料，金属，涂料和水泥，在它们的生命周期中在一定程度上降解，和释放可能发生在制造过程中，使用和报废。释放(例如，什么被释放，释放是如何发生的，以及释放了多少材料）取决于材料的成分和内部（纳米）结构以及生命周期中施加的应力。我们认为,在某种程度上，从机械释放，风化和热应力，特别是解决了熔丝3D打印的用例，皮肤接触,食品接触和纺织品洗涤。固体材料可以释放嵌入的纳米材料，复合碎片，或者微米和纳米塑料，以及挥发性有机物，离子和溶解的有机物。释放物的身份通常是异质混合物，需要采用适应的采样和分析策略，有合适的质量控制措施。控制材料通过进行比较测试来增强鲁棒性，但是参考资料并不总是可用。释放的数量通常由时间依赖性的速率来描述，该速率由施加的应力的性质和强度来调节。聚合物或其他固体基质的化学特性，以及嵌入式工程纳米材料（ENM）或其他添加剂的化学特性和兼容性。方法和元数据文档的标准化，包括被测试材料的所有上述描述符，施加的应力，采样和分析，被确定为推进该领域并产生稳健的重要需求，可比较的评估。在这方面,所有固体材料的研究之间都有很强的方法学协同作用，包括微米和纳米塑料的研究。从前景的角度来看,我们审查释放实体的危害，并展示这如何为风险评估提供信息。我们还解决了将方法转移到轮胎磨损等相关问题，先进材料和先进制造，可生物降解的聚合物，和非固体基质。随着对已发布实体的考虑将通过安全和可持续设计实践中的生命周期评估在行业中变得更加常规，发布评估将需要仔细设计具有质量控制的研究，使用商定的测试材料和现有的标准化方法，并采用明确定义的数据报告实践，以实现数据重用，荟萃分析，和比较研究。
