Abstract：
When speech is presented in noise, listeners must recruit cognitive resources to resolve the mismatch between the noisy input and representations in memory. A consequence of this effortful listening is impaired memory for content presented earlier. In the first study on effortful listening, Rabbitt, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20, 241-248 (1968; Experiment 2) found that recall for a list of digits was poorer when subsequent digits were presented with masking noise than without. Experiment 3 of that study extended this effect to more naturalistic, passage-length materials. Although the findings of Rabbitt\'s Experiment 2 have been replicated multiple times, no work has assessed the robustness of Experiment 3. We conducted a replication attempt of Rabbitt\'s Experiment 3 at three signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Results at one of the SNRs (Experiment 1a of the current study) were in the opposite direction from what Rabbitt, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20, 241-248, (1968) reported - that is, speech was recalled more accurately when it was followed by speech presented in noise rather than in the clear - and results at the other two SNRs showed no effect of noise (Experiments 1b and 1c). In addition, reanalysis of a replication of Rabbitt\'s seminal finding in his second experiment showed that the effect of effortful listening on previously presented information is transient. Thus, effortful listening caused by noise appears to only impair memory for information presented immediately before the noise, which may account for our finding that noise in the second-half of a long passage did not impair recall of information presented in the first half of the passage.
摘要：
当语音出现在噪音中时，听众必须招募认知资源来解决嘈杂的输入和内存中的表示之间的不匹配。这种费力的聆听的结果是对先前呈现的内容的记忆受损。在关于努力倾听的第一项研究中，Rabbitt,实验心理学季刊,20，241-248（1968年；实验2）发现，当随后的数字出现掩蔽噪声时，数字列表的回忆比没有掩蔽噪声时更差。该研究的实验3将这种影响扩展到更自然的，通道长度材料。尽管Rabbitt的实验2的发现已经被重复多次，没有工作评估实验3的稳健性。我们在三个信噪比（SNR）下进行了Rabbitt实验3的复制尝试。其中一个SNR（当前研究的实验1a）的结果与Rabbitt的方向相反，实验心理学季刊,20，241-248，(1968)报道-也就是说，当语音以噪声而不是清晰的形式出现时，语音被更准确地召回-另外两个SNR的结果表明没有噪声的影响（实验1b和1c）。此外,对Rabbitt在他的第二个实验中的开创性发现的复制进行的重新分析表明，努力倾听对先前提供的信息的影响是短暂的。因此，由噪音引起的费力的聆听似乎只会损害对噪音之前立即呈现的信息的记忆，这可能解释了我们的发现，即长篇文章后半段的噪音并没有损害对文章前半段所提供信息的回忆。
