Abstract：
The characteristics of cropland development and the dynamics of food production in China and India, the world\'s largest agricultural and most populous countries, are of great importance to global food security. However, there is a notable lack of a thorough comparison between China and India in this regard. Here, we systematically compare the differences between China and India using cropping intensity and crop production data, including cropland area, harvested area, total staple crop (i.e., cereal crops, tuber crops and pulse crops) production and yield capacity. The results are mainly as follows: (1) Both China and India experienced an increasing trend in cropland area and harvested area from 2001 to 2021, especially notable in India. In China, the cropland area and harvested area increased by 11.76 % and 14.36 %, respectively, while in India, they witnessed a more substantial increase of 31.10 % and 49.32 %, respectively. (2) The cropping intensity underwent significant transformations, primarily shifting between non-cropland, single-cropping, and double-cropping. Northwestern China exhibited a clear trend of non-cropland converting to single-cropping, whereas northeastern China showed a distinct pattern of single-cropping changing to non-cropland. The interconversion between single-cropping and double-cropping was also frequently observed in the main food-producing regions. In India, the cropland expansion and the adoption of double-cropping are highly pronounced, extending widely across most of the country. (3) From 2001 to 2021, the total staple crop production in China and India increased by 34.12 % and 55.81 %, respectively. Despite the rapid growth in India\'s total staple crop production, it still amounts to only about half of China\'s. The major crops production also showed different trends, China\'s cereal crops production increased significantly, while tuber and pulse crops production declined, and India\'s production of cereal, tuber, and pulse crops has all increased (4) China\'s yield capacity has increased by 17.28 %, while India\'s has only grown by 4.35 %. Despite the rapid increase in India\'s total staple crop production, the yield gap with China has widened. The boost in China\'s total staple crop production mainly resulted from improved yield capacity, whereas India relied more on the cropland area expansion, especially the increase in harvested area. Our comprehensive comparison of China and India in cropland development and staple crop production contributes to a deep understanding of the differences in agricultural production between the two countries, and provides lessons for global food security and sustainable agricultural development.
摘要：
中国和印度的耕地发展特征和粮食生产动态，世界上最大的农业和人口最多的国家，对全球粮食安全至关重要。然而,在这方面，中国和印度之间明显缺乏彻底的比较。这里,我们使用种植强度和作物产量数据系统地比较了中国和印度之间的差异，包括农田面积，收获面积,总主食作物(即，谷类作物,块茎作物和豆类作物）的产量和产量。主要研究结果如下：（1）2001-2021年，中国和印度的耕地面积和收获面积均呈增长趋势，印度尤为明显。在中国,耕地面积和收获面积分别增加了11.76%和14.36%,分别,而在印度，他们见证了31.10%和49.32%的更大幅度的增长，分别。(2)种植强度发生了显著的变化，主要在非农田之间转移，单作,和双作。中国西北地区表现出明显的非耕地向单作的转变趋势，而中国东北地区则表现出明显的单作向非耕地转变的模式。在主要粮食生产地区也经常观察到单作和双作之间的相互转换。在印度,扩大耕地和采用双季制是非常明显的，延伸到全国大部分地区。（3）2001年至2021年，中国和印度的主要农作物总产量分别增长了34.12％和55.81％，分别。尽管印度主要农作物总产量快速增长，它仍然只占中国的一半左右。主要农作物产量也呈现不同的趋势,我国粮食作物产量显著增加,块茎和豆类作物产量下降，和印度的谷物生产，块茎,和豆类作物都增加了（4）中国的单产能力增加了17.28%，而印度仅增长了4.35%。尽管印度主要农作物总产量迅速增加，与中国的产量差距扩大了。中国主要农作物总产量的增长主要来自产量能力的提高，而印度更依赖耕地面积的扩张，尤其是收获面积的增加。我们对中国和印度在耕地发展和主要农作物生产方面的综合比较,有助于深入了解两国农业生产的差异,并为全球粮食安全和可持续农业发展提供了经验教训。
