PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
BACKGROUND: The WHO highlight alcohol, tobacco, unhealthy food, and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes as one of the most effective policies for preventing and reducing the burden of non-communicable diseases. This umbrella review aimed to identify and summarise evidence from systematic reviews that report the relationship between price and demand or price and disease/death for alcohol, tobacco, unhealthy food, and SSBs. Given the recent recognition as gambling as a public health problem, we also included gambling.
METHODS: The protocol for this umbrella review was pre-registered (PROSPERO CRD42023447429). Seven electronic databases were searched between 2000-2023. Eligible systematic reviews were those published in any country, including adults or children, and which quantitatively examined the relationship between alcohol, tobacco, gambling, unhealthy food, or SSB price/tax and demand (sales/consumption) or disease/death. Two researchers undertook screening, eligibility, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using the ROBIS tool.
RESULTS: We identified 50 reviews from 5,185 records, of which 31 reported on unhealthy food or SSBs, nine reported on tobacco, nine on alcohol, and one on multiple outcomes (alcohol, tobacco, unhealthy food, and SSBs). We did not identify any reviews on gambling. Higher prices were consistently associated with lower demand, notwithstanding variation in the size of effect across commodities or populations. Reductions in demand were large enough to be considered meaningful for policy.
CONCLUSIONS: Increases in the price of alcohol, tobacco, unhealthy food, and SSBs are consistently associated with decreases in demand. Moreover, increasing taxes can be expected to increase tax revenue. There may be potential in joining up approaches to taxation across the harm-causing commodities.
METHODS: The protocol for this umbrella review was pre-registered (PROSPERO CRD42023447429). Seven electronic databases were searched between 2000-2023. Eligible systematic reviews were those published in any country, including adults or children, and which quantitatively examined the relationship between alcohol, tobacco, gambling, unhealthy food, or SSB price/tax and demand (sales/consumption) or disease/death. Two researchers undertook screening, eligibility, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using the ROBIS tool.
RESULTS: We identified 50 reviews from 5,185 records, of which 31 reported on unhealthy food or SSBs, nine reported on tobacco, nine on alcohol, and one on multiple outcomes (alcohol, tobacco, unhealthy food, and SSBs). We did not identify any reviews on gambling. Higher prices were consistently associated with lower demand, notwithstanding variation in the size of effect across commodities or populations. Reductions in demand were large enough to be considered meaningful for policy.
CONCLUSIONS: Increases in the price of alcohol, tobacco, unhealthy food, and SSBs are consistently associated with decreases in demand. Moreover, increasing taxes can be expected to increase tax revenue. There may be potential in joining up approaches to taxation across the harm-causing commodities.
摘要：
背景：世界卫生组织强调酒精，烟草,不健康的食物,和含糖饮料（SSB）税是预防和减轻非传染性疾病负担的最有效政策之一。本综述旨在识别和总结系统评价的证据，报告价格与需求或价格与酒精疾病/死亡之间的关系，烟草,不健康的食物,和SSB。鉴于最近人们认识到赌博是一个公共卫生问题，我们还包括赌博。
方法：本次综述的方案已预先注册（PROSPEROCRD42023447429）。在2000年至2023年之间搜索了七个电子数据库。合格的系统评价是在任何国家发表的，包括成人或儿童，定量研究了酒精之间的关系，烟草,赌博,不健康的食物,或SSB价格/税收和需求（销售/消费）或疾病/死亡。两名研究人员进行了筛查，资格,数据提取,以及使用ROBIS工具评估偏差风险。
结果：我们从5,185条记录中确定了50条评论，其中31人报告了不健康食品或SSB，九份关于烟草的报道，九种酒精，一种是多种结果(酒精，烟草,不健康的食物,和SSB）。我们没有发现任何关于赌博的评论。较高的价格始终与较低的需求有关，尽管不同商品或人群的影响大小不同。需求的减少足够大，足以被认为对政策有意义。
结论：酒精价格上涨，烟草,不健康的食物,和SSB始终与需求下降相关。此外，增加税收可以预期增加税收。对造成损害的商品采取征税方法可能有潜力。
方法：本次综述的方案已预先注册（PROSPEROCRD42023447429）。在2000年至2023年之间搜索了七个电子数据库。合格的系统评价是在任何国家发表的，包括成人或儿童，定量研究了酒精之间的关系，烟草,赌博,不健康的食物,或SSB价格/税收和需求（销售/消费）或疾病/死亡。两名研究人员进行了筛查，资格,数据提取,以及使用ROBIS工具评估偏差风险。
结果：我们从5,185条记录中确定了50条评论，其中31人报告了不健康食品或SSB，九份关于烟草的报道，九种酒精，一种是多种结果(酒精，烟草,不健康的食物,和SSB）。我们没有发现任何关于赌博的评论。较高的价格始终与较低的需求有关，尽管不同商品或人群的影响大小不同。需求的减少足够大，足以被认为对政策有意义。
结论：酒精价格上涨，烟草,不健康的食物,和SSB始终与需求下降相关。此外，增加税收可以预期增加税收。对造成损害的商品采取征税方法可能有潜力。
