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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is the most basic need for mankind. Poor WASH practices are associated with various waterborne diseases, especially in developing countries such as India. The aim of the study was to assess WASH practices among residents of different slum settlements in a ward of Kolkata, identify the factors associated with WASH practice, and explore the barriers faced by the families and municipal staff in providing adequate WASH services to the community.
METHODS: An observational study, cross-sectional in design with a convergent parallel mixed-methods approach, was conducted in different slum settlements in a ward of Kolkata. Quantitative data were collected by face-to-face interview, spot observation, and measuring the living area, door, and window spaces. Key informant interviews were conducted with the medical officer, ward vector-control coordinator, and municipal waste handlers, in addition to in-depth interviews with respondents who had unsatisfactory WASH practices. SPSS version 25.0 was used to analyze the quantitative data. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically using Atlas.ti 22.
RESULTS: The overall WASH practices were considered satisfactory in 58.8% of the households. Education of the respondents up to the secondary level, presence of overcrowding, and inadequate ventilation in the house had statistically significantly higher odds of unsatisfactory practice. Poor living conditions, difficulty in collecting and storing water, waterlogging, blocked sewage drains, common toilets for men and women, and lack of motivation were the primary obstacles identified by the residents.
CONCLUSIONS: Unsatisfactory WASH practices were observed among a high proportion of the slum population. Community engagement and education regarding WASH in communities is strongly recommended along with improvement of infrastructure and capacity building.
METHODS: An observational study, cross-sectional in design with a convergent parallel mixed-methods approach, was conducted in different slum settlements in a ward of Kolkata. Quantitative data were collected by face-to-face interview, spot observation, and measuring the living area, door, and window spaces. Key informant interviews were conducted with the medical officer, ward vector-control coordinator, and municipal waste handlers, in addition to in-depth interviews with respondents who had unsatisfactory WASH practices. SPSS version 25.0 was used to analyze the quantitative data. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically using Atlas.ti 22.
RESULTS: The overall WASH practices were considered satisfactory in 58.8% of the households. Education of the respondents up to the secondary level, presence of overcrowding, and inadequate ventilation in the house had statistically significantly higher odds of unsatisfactory practice. Poor living conditions, difficulty in collecting and storing water, waterlogging, blocked sewage drains, common toilets for men and women, and lack of motivation were the primary obstacles identified by the residents.
CONCLUSIONS: Unsatisfactory WASH practices were observed among a high proportion of the slum population. Community engagement and education regarding WASH in communities is strongly recommended along with improvement of infrastructure and capacity building.
摘要：
背景：获得安全用水，卫生，卫生（WASH）是人类最基本的需求。不良的WASH做法与各种水传播疾病相关，尤其是在印度等发展中国家。这项研究的目的是评估加尔各答病房不同贫民窟居住区居民的WASH做法，确定与WASH实践相关的因素，并探索家庭和市政工作人员在向社区提供适当的WASH服务时面临的障碍。
方法：一项观察性研究，横截面设计采用收敛并行混合方法，在加尔各答病房的不同贫民窟定居点进行。定量数据通过面对面访谈收集，现场观察,测量居住面积，门,和窗口空间。关键线人采访了医务人员，病房矢量控制协调员，和城市废物处理人员，除了对WASH实践不满意的受访者进行深入访谈之外。采用SPSS25.0版对定量数据进行分析。定性数据使用Atlas进行主题分析。TI22.
结果：58.8%的家庭认为整体WASH实践令人满意。受访者的教育达到中等水平，人满为患，房屋通风不足在统计学上显着较高的做法不满意的可能性。恶劣的生活条件,难以收集和储存水，内涝,排污管道堵塞,男女共用厕所，缺乏动力是居民确定的主要障碍。
结论：在高比例的贫民窟人口中观察到不令人满意的WASH做法。强烈建议社区参与和进行有关社区WASH的教育，同时改善基础设施和能力建设。
方法：一项观察性研究，横截面设计采用收敛并行混合方法，在加尔各答病房的不同贫民窟定居点进行。定量数据通过面对面访谈收集，现场观察,测量居住面积，门,和窗口空间。关键线人采访了医务人员，病房矢量控制协调员，和城市废物处理人员，除了对WASH实践不满意的受访者进行深入访谈之外。采用SPSS25.0版对定量数据进行分析。定性数据使用Atlas进行主题分析。TI22.
结果：58.8%的家庭认为整体WASH实践令人满意。受访者的教育达到中等水平，人满为患，房屋通风不足在统计学上显着较高的做法不满意的可能性。恶劣的生活条件,难以收集和储存水，内涝,排污管道堵塞,男女共用厕所，缺乏动力是居民确定的主要障碍。
结论：在高比例的贫民窟人口中观察到不令人满意的WASH做法。强烈建议社区参与和进行有关社区WASH的教育，同时改善基础设施和能力建设。
