PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Exposure to phenols, endocrine-disrupting chemicals used in personal care and consumer products, is widespread. Data on infant exposures are limited despite heightened sensitivity to endocrine disruption during this developmental period. We aimed to describe distributions and predictors of urinary phenol concentrations among U.S. infants ages 6-12 weeks.
METHODS: The Infant Feeding and Early Development (IFED) study is a prospective cohort study of healthy term infants enrolled during 2010-2013 in the Philadelphia region. We measured concentrations of seven phenols in 352 urine samples collected during the 6- or 8- and/or 12-week study visits from 199 infants. We used linear mixed models to estimate associations of maternal, sociodemographic, infant, and sample characteristics with natural-log transformed, creatinine-standardized phenol concentrations and present results as mean percent change from the reference level.
RESULTS: Median concentrations (μg/L) were 311 for methylparaben, 10.3 for propylparaben, 3.6 for benzophenone-3, 2.1 for triclosan, 1.0 for 2,5-dichlorophenol, 0.7 for BPA, and 0.3 for 2,4-dichlorophenol. Geometric mean methylparaben concentrations were approximately 10 times higher than published estimates for U.S. children ages 3-5 and 6-11 years, while propylparaben concentrations were 3-4 times higher. Infants of Black mothers had higher concentrations of BPA (83%), methylparaben (121%), propylparaben (218%), and 2,5-dichorophenol (287%) and lower concentrations of benzophenone-3 (-77%) and triclosan (-53%) than infants of White mothers. Triclosan concentrations were higher in breastfed infants (176%) and lower in infants whose mothers had a high school education or less (-62%). Phenol concentrations were generally higher in summer samples.
CONCLUSIONS: Widespread exposure to select environmental phenols among this cohort of healthy U.S. infants, including much higher paraben concentrations compared to those reported for U.S. children, supports the importance of expanding population-based biomonitoring programs to infants and toddlers. Future investigation of exposure sources is warranted to identify opportunities to minimize exposures during these sensitive periods of development.
METHODS: The Infant Feeding and Early Development (IFED) study is a prospective cohort study of healthy term infants enrolled during 2010-2013 in the Philadelphia region. We measured concentrations of seven phenols in 352 urine samples collected during the 6- or 8- and/or 12-week study visits from 199 infants. We used linear mixed models to estimate associations of maternal, sociodemographic, infant, and sample characteristics with natural-log transformed, creatinine-standardized phenol concentrations and present results as mean percent change from the reference level.
RESULTS: Median concentrations (μg/L) were 311 for methylparaben, 10.3 for propylparaben, 3.6 for benzophenone-3, 2.1 for triclosan, 1.0 for 2,5-dichlorophenol, 0.7 for BPA, and 0.3 for 2,4-dichlorophenol. Geometric mean methylparaben concentrations were approximately 10 times higher than published estimates for U.S. children ages 3-5 and 6-11 years, while propylparaben concentrations were 3-4 times higher. Infants of Black mothers had higher concentrations of BPA (83%), methylparaben (121%), propylparaben (218%), and 2,5-dichorophenol (287%) and lower concentrations of benzophenone-3 (-77%) and triclosan (-53%) than infants of White mothers. Triclosan concentrations were higher in breastfed infants (176%) and lower in infants whose mothers had a high school education or less (-62%). Phenol concentrations were generally higher in summer samples.
CONCLUSIONS: Widespread exposure to select environmental phenols among this cohort of healthy U.S. infants, including much higher paraben concentrations compared to those reported for U.S. children, supports the importance of expanding population-based biomonitoring programs to infants and toddlers. Future investigation of exposure sources is warranted to identify opportunities to minimize exposures during these sensitive periods of development.
摘要：
背景：接触酚类物质，用于个人护理和消费品的内分泌干扰化学物质，是广泛的。尽管在此发育期对内分泌干扰的敏感性增强，但有关婴儿暴露的数据有限。我们旨在描述美国6-12周龄婴儿尿中苯酚浓度的分布和预测因素。
方法：婴儿喂养和早期发育（IFED）研究是费城地区2010-2013年期间招募的健康足月婴儿的前瞻性队列研究。我们测量了199名婴儿在6周或8周和/或12周研究访视期间收集的352个尿液样品中7种酚的浓度。我们使用线性混合模型来估计母亲的关联，社会人口统计学，婴儿,和自然对数转换的样本特征，肌酐标准化的苯酚浓度，并以相对于参考水平的平均百分比变化表示结果。
结果：对羟基苯甲酸甲酯的中值浓度（μg/L）为311，10.3用于对羟基苯甲酸丙酯，3.6用于二苯甲酮-3，2.1用于三氯生，1.0对于2,5-二氯苯酚，BPA为0.7，2,4-二氯苯酚为0.3。对羟基苯甲酸甲酯的几何平均浓度大约是美国3-5岁和6-11岁儿童公布的估计值的10倍。而对羟基苯甲酸丙酯浓度高3-4倍。黑人母亲的婴儿的BPA浓度较高（83％），对羟基苯甲酸甲酯（121%），对羟基苯甲酸丙酯（218%），和2,5-二酚（287％），二苯甲酮-3（-77％）和三氯生（-53％）的浓度低于白人母亲的婴儿。三氯生浓度在母乳喂养的婴儿中较高（176%），在母亲受过高中教育或以下的婴儿中较低（-62%）。夏季样品中的苯酚浓度通常较高。
结论：在美国健康婴儿队列中，选择环境酚的广泛暴露，包括对羟基苯甲酸酯的浓度比美国儿童报告的浓度高得多，支持将基于人群的生物监测计划扩展到婴儿和幼儿的重要性。有必要对暴露源进行未来调查，以确定在这些敏感时期将暴露降至最低的机会。
方法：婴儿喂养和早期发育（IFED）研究是费城地区2010-2013年期间招募的健康足月婴儿的前瞻性队列研究。我们测量了199名婴儿在6周或8周和/或12周研究访视期间收集的352个尿液样品中7种酚的浓度。我们使用线性混合模型来估计母亲的关联，社会人口统计学，婴儿,和自然对数转换的样本特征，肌酐标准化的苯酚浓度，并以相对于参考水平的平均百分比变化表示结果。
结果：对羟基苯甲酸甲酯的中值浓度（μg/L）为311，10.3用于对羟基苯甲酸丙酯，3.6用于二苯甲酮-3，2.1用于三氯生，1.0对于2,5-二氯苯酚，BPA为0.7，2,4-二氯苯酚为0.3。对羟基苯甲酸甲酯的几何平均浓度大约是美国3-5岁和6-11岁儿童公布的估计值的10倍。而对羟基苯甲酸丙酯浓度高3-4倍。黑人母亲的婴儿的BPA浓度较高（83％），对羟基苯甲酸甲酯（121%），对羟基苯甲酸丙酯（218%），和2,5-二酚（287％），二苯甲酮-3（-77％）和三氯生（-53％）的浓度低于白人母亲的婴儿。三氯生浓度在母乳喂养的婴儿中较高（176%），在母亲受过高中教育或以下的婴儿中较低（-62%）。夏季样品中的苯酚浓度通常较高。
结论：在美国健康婴儿队列中，选择环境酚的广泛暴露，包括对羟基苯甲酸酯的浓度比美国儿童报告的浓度高得多，支持将基于人群的生物监测计划扩展到婴儿和幼儿的重要性。有必要对暴露源进行未来调查，以确定在这些敏感时期将暴露降至最低的机会。
