Abstract：
There are numerous anatomical and anthropometrical standards that can be utilised for craniofacial analysis and identification. These standards originate from a wide variety of sources, such as orthodontic, maxillofacial, surgical, anatomical, anthropological and forensic literature, and numerous media have been employed to collect data from living and deceased subjects. With the development of clinical imaging and the enhanced technology associated with this field, multiple methods of data collection have become accessible, including Computed Tomography, Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Radiographs, Three-dimensional Scanning, Photogrammetry and Ultrasound, alongside the more traditional in vivo methods, such as palpation and direct measurement, and cadaveric human dissection. Practitioners often struggle to identify the most appropriate standards and research results are frequently inconsistent adding to the confusion. This paper aims to clarify how practitioners can choose optimal standards, which standards are the most reliable and when to apply these standards for craniofacial identification. This paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of each mode of data collection and collates published research to review standards across different populations for each facial feature. This paper does not aim to be a practical instruction paper; since this field encompasses a wide range of 2D and 3D approaches (e.g., clay sculpture, sketch, automated, computer-modelling), the implementation of these standards is left to the individual practitioner.
摘要：
有许多解剖学和人体测量标准可用于颅面分析和识别。这些标准来自各种各样的来源，比如正畸，颌面部,外科,解剖学,人类学和法医学文献，和许多媒体已被用来收集数据的生活和死者。随着临床影像学的发展和与该领域相关技术的增强,多种数据收集方法已经变得可访问，包括计算机断层扫描,锥形束计算机断层扫描,磁共振成像,射线照片,三维扫描,摄影测量和超声波，除了更传统的体内方法，如触诊和直接测量，尸体解剖.从业者往往很难确定最合适的标准，研究结果往往不一致，加剧了混乱。本文旨在阐明从业者如何选择最佳标准，哪些标准是最可靠的，以及何时应用这些标准进行颅面识别。本文描述了每种数据收集模式的优缺点，并整理了已发表的研究，以审查每个面部特征的不同人群的标准。本文并非旨在成为实用的指导文件；由于该领域涵盖了广泛的2D和3D方法（例如，泥塑,草图,自动化,计算机建模)，这些标准的实施留给个体从业者。
