Abstract：
Biofilm research has grown exponentially over the last decades, arguably due to their contribution to hospital acquired infections when they form on foreign body surfaces such as catheters and implants. Yet, translation of the knowledge acquired in the laboratory to the clinic has been slow and/or often it is not attempted by research teams to walk the talk of what is defined as \'bench to bedside\'. We therefore reviewed the biofilm literature to better understand this gap. Our search revealed substantial development with respect to adapting surfaces and media used in models to mimic the clinical settings, however many of the in vitro models were too simplistic, often discounting the composition and properties of the host microenvironment and overlooking the biofilm-implant-host interactions. Failure to capture the physiological growth conditions of biofilms in vivo results in major differences between lab-grown- and clinically-relevant biofilms, particularly with respect to phenotypic profiles, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance, and they essentially impede bench-to-bedside translatability. In this review, we describe the complexity of the biological processes at the biofilm-implant-host interfaces, discuss the prerequisite for the development and characterization of biofilm models that better mimic the clinical scenario, and propose an interdisciplinary outlook of how to bioengineer biofilms in vitro by converging tissue engineering concepts and tools.
摘要：
在过去的几十年里，生物膜研究呈指数级增长，可以说是由于它们在导管和植入物等异物表面上形成时对医院获得性感染的贡献。然而，将在实验室中获得的知识转化到临床的速度很慢，并且/或者研究团队通常不会尝试将定义为“长凳到床边”的话题进行讨论。因此，我们回顾了生物膜文献，以更好地理解这一差距。我们的搜索揭示了在适应模型中使用的表面和介质以模仿临床环境方面的实质性发展。然而，许多体外模型过于简单，通常会忽略宿主微环境的组成和特性，并忽略生物膜-植入物-宿主的相互作用。未能在体内捕获生物膜的生理生长条件导致实验室生长和临床相关生物膜之间的主要差异。特别是在表型方面，毒力,和抗菌素耐药性，它们基本上阻碍了长凳到床边的可翻译性。在这次审查中,我们描述了生物膜-植入物-宿主界面的生物过程的复杂性，讨论更好地模拟临床情景的生物膜模型的开发和表征的先决条件，并提出了如何通过融合组织工程概念和工具在体外对生物膜进行生物工程的跨学科展望。
