Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Salt stress is a multicomponent phenomenon; it includes many processes that directly or indirectly affect the plant. Attempts have been made to comprehensively consider the processes of salt stress in plants Triticum aestivum (variety Orenburgskaya 22) and Triticum durum (variety Zolotaya).
METHODS: The study used methods of light and fluorescence microscopy, methods of immunofluorodetection, expression of DNA methyltransferase genes, genes of the ion transporter and superoxide dismutase families, as well as biochemical determination of total antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reagent.
RESULTS: According to morphometric indicators, the Orenburgskaya 22 variety showed greater tolerance to the action of 150 mM NaCl than the Zolotaya variety. The level of expression of genes of the HKT ion transporter family in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety is higher than in the Zolotaya variety. It was found that the expression of the DNA methyltransferase gene DRM2.1, which post-translationally methylates cytosine residues, is 22.3 times higher in Zolotaya compared to Orenburg 22 when exposed to salt. The accumulation of toxic ions is accompanied by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased damage to root tissue, especially in the Zolotaya variety. Using fluorescence microscopy using the Carboxy-H2DFF marker in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety at high NaCl concentrations, the highest fluorescence intensity was determined in the cap zone; in the Zolotaya variety-in the zones of the cap and root meristem. Excess ROS is more successfully removed in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety, which has a higher level of antioxidant activity (AOA), as well as the level of expression of the Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD superoxide dismutase genes. Using programmed cell death (PCD) markers based on the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, DNA breakage and the release of phosphatidylserine from mitochondria, the degree of damage to root cells was assessed in both wheat varieties. It has been proven that wheat cell death occurs through the mitochondrial pathway. It was noted that the salt-sensitive variety Zolotaya had a significant number of necrotic cells.
CONCLUSIONS: Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that the Orenburgskaya 22 variety exhibits greater resistance to salinity than the Zolotaya variety. These data may be of practical importance for enhancing protective mechanisms under abiotic stress.
METHODS: The study used methods of light and fluorescence microscopy, methods of immunofluorodetection, expression of DNA methyltransferase genes, genes of the ion transporter and superoxide dismutase families, as well as biochemical determination of total antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reagent.
RESULTS: According to morphometric indicators, the Orenburgskaya 22 variety showed greater tolerance to the action of 150 mM NaCl than the Zolotaya variety. The level of expression of genes of the HKT ion transporter family in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety is higher than in the Zolotaya variety. It was found that the expression of the DNA methyltransferase gene DRM2.1, which post-translationally methylates cytosine residues, is 22.3 times higher in Zolotaya compared to Orenburg 22 when exposed to salt. The accumulation of toxic ions is accompanied by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased damage to root tissue, especially in the Zolotaya variety. Using fluorescence microscopy using the Carboxy-H2DFF marker in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety at high NaCl concentrations, the highest fluorescence intensity was determined in the cap zone; in the Zolotaya variety-in the zones of the cap and root meristem. Excess ROS is more successfully removed in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety, which has a higher level of antioxidant activity (AOA), as well as the level of expression of the Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD superoxide dismutase genes. Using programmed cell death (PCD) markers based on the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, DNA breakage and the release of phosphatidylserine from mitochondria, the degree of damage to root cells was assessed in both wheat varieties. It has been proven that wheat cell death occurs through the mitochondrial pathway. It was noted that the salt-sensitive variety Zolotaya had a significant number of necrotic cells.
CONCLUSIONS: Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that the Orenburgskaya 22 variety exhibits greater resistance to salinity than the Zolotaya variety. These data may be of practical importance for enhancing protective mechanisms under abiotic stress.
摘要：
背景：盐胁迫是一种多组分现象；它包括许多直接或间接影响植物的过程。已尝试全面考虑植物小麦（品种Orenburgskaya22）和小麦硬粒（品种Zolotaya）的盐胁迫过程。
方法：本研究采用光学和荧光显微镜的方法，免疫荧光检测方法，DNA甲基转移酶基因的表达，离子转运蛋白和超氧化物歧化酶家族的基因，以及使用2,2-二苯基-1-吡啶酰肼（DPPH）试剂生化测定总抗氧化活性。
结果：根据形态测量指标，Orenburgskaya22品种比Zolotaya品种对150mMNaCl的耐受性更高。Orenburgskaya22品种中HKT离子转运蛋白家族基因的表达水平高于Zolotaya品种。发现DNA甲基转移酶基因DRM2.1的表达，其翻译后使胞嘧啶残基甲基化，与接触盐时的Orenburg22相比，Zolotaya的高22.3倍。有毒离子的积累伴随着活性氧（ROS）的增加和对根组织的损害增加，尤其是Zolotaya品种。在高NaCl浓度下，使用Orenburgskaya22品种中使用Carboxy-H2DFF标记的荧光显微镜，在帽区确定了最高的荧光强度；在Zolotaya品种中-在帽和根分生组织的区域中。在Orenburgskaya22品种中更成功地去除了过量的ROS，具有较高的抗氧化活性（AOA），以及Cu/ZnSOD和MnSOD超氧化物歧化酶基因的表达水平。使用基于细胞色素c从线粒体释放到细胞质中的程序性细胞死亡（PCD）标记，DNA断裂和磷脂酰丝氨酸从线粒体的释放，在两个小麦品种中评估了对根细胞的损害程度。已经证明小麦细胞死亡是通过线粒体途径发生的。注意到盐敏感品种Zolotaya具有大量坏死细胞。
结论：根据获得的数据，结论是，Orenburgskaya22品种比Zolotaya品种表现出对盐度的更大抗性。这些数据对于增强非生物胁迫下的保护机制可能具有实际意义。
方法：本研究采用光学和荧光显微镜的方法，免疫荧光检测方法，DNA甲基转移酶基因的表达，离子转运蛋白和超氧化物歧化酶家族的基因，以及使用2,2-二苯基-1-吡啶酰肼（DPPH）试剂生化测定总抗氧化活性。
结果：根据形态测量指标，Orenburgskaya22品种比Zolotaya品种对150mMNaCl的耐受性更高。Orenburgskaya22品种中HKT离子转运蛋白家族基因的表达水平高于Zolotaya品种。发现DNA甲基转移酶基因DRM2.1的表达，其翻译后使胞嘧啶残基甲基化，与接触盐时的Orenburg22相比，Zolotaya的高22.3倍。有毒离子的积累伴随着活性氧（ROS）的增加和对根组织的损害增加，尤其是Zolotaya品种。在高NaCl浓度下，使用Orenburgskaya22品种中使用Carboxy-H2DFF标记的荧光显微镜，在帽区确定了最高的荧光强度；在Zolotaya品种中-在帽和根分生组织的区域中。在Orenburgskaya22品种中更成功地去除了过量的ROS，具有较高的抗氧化活性（AOA），以及Cu/ZnSOD和MnSOD超氧化物歧化酶基因的表达水平。使用基于细胞色素c从线粒体释放到细胞质中的程序性细胞死亡（PCD）标记，DNA断裂和磷脂酰丝氨酸从线粒体的释放，在两个小麦品种中评估了对根细胞的损害程度。已经证明小麦细胞死亡是通过线粒体途径发生的。注意到盐敏感品种Zolotaya具有大量坏死细胞。
结论：根据获得的数据，结论是，Orenburgskaya22品种比Zolotaya品种表现出对盐度的更大抗性。这些数据对于增强非生物胁迫下的保护机制可能具有实际意义。
