Abstract：
The objective of the current research was to examine the water quality of the River Ravi and the River Sutlej, with a specific focus on potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Additionally, we sought to monitor the sources of pollution in these rivers by gathering samples from the primary drains that carry industrial and municipal waste into these water bodies. Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate the impact of PTEs in surface water on groundwater quality by collecting groundwater samples from nearby populated areas. A total of 30 samples were collected from these three sources: rivers (6 samples), drains (9 samples), and groundwater (15 samples). The analysis revealed that the levels of PTEs in the samples from these three resources having a mean value: arsenic (As) 23.5 µg/L, zinc (Zn) 2.35 mg/L, manganese (Mn) 0.51 mg/L, lead (Pb) 6.63 µg/L, and chromium (Cr) 10.9 µg/L, exceeded the recommended values set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Furthermore, PTEs including (As 84%), (Zn 65%), (Mn 69%), (Pb 53%), (Cr 53%), and (Ni 27%), samples were beyond the recommended values of WHO. The results of the Principal Component Analysis indicated that surface water and groundwater exhibited total variability of 83.87% and 85.97%, respectively. This indicates that the aquifers in the study area have been contaminated due to both natural geogenic factors and anthropogenic sources. These sources include the discharge of industrial effluents, wastewater from municipal sources, mining activities, agricultural practices, weathering of rocks, and interactions between rocks and water. Spatial distribution maps clearly illustrated the widespread mobilization of PTEs throughout the study area. Furthermore, a health risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the potential adverse health effects of PTEs through the ingestion of drinking groundwater by both children and adults. Health risk assessment result show the mean carcinogenic values for As, Cr, Pb and Ni in children are calculated to be (1.88E-04), (2.61E-04), (2.16E-02), and (5.74E-05), respectively. Similarly, the mean carcinogenic values for the above mentioned PTEs in adults were recorded to be (2.39E-05), (3.32E-05), (1.19E-03), and (7.29E-06) respectively. The total hazard index values for As, Zn, Cr, Pb, Mn, Cu, and Ni in children were observed to be (9.07E + 00), (9.95E-07), (4.59E-04), (5.75E-04), (4.72E-05), (2.78E-03), and (5.27E-05) respectively. The analysis revealed that As has an adverse effect on the population of the study area as compared to other PTEs investigated in this study.
摘要：
当前研究的目的是检查拉维河和Sutlej河的水质，特别关注潜在有毒元素（PTE）。此外,我们试图通过从将工业和城市废物带入水体的主要排水渠中收集样本来监测这些河流的污染源。此外，我们旨在通过收集附近人口稠密地区的地下水样本来评估地表水中PTEs对地下水质量的影响。从这三个来源共收集了30个样本:河流(6个样本)，排水沟（9个样本），和地下水（15个样本）。分析显示，来自这三种资源的样品中的PTE水平具有平均值：砷（As）23.5µg/L，锌（Zn）2.35mg/L，锰（Mn）0.51mg/L，铅（Pb）6.63µg/L，和铬（Cr）10.9µg/L，超出了世界卫生组织（WHO）设定的建议值。此外，PTE包括（占84%），（锌65%），（锰69%），（铅53%），（Cr53%），和（镍27%），样本超出了WHO的推荐值.主成分分析结果表明,地表水和地下水的总变异性分别为83.87%和85.97%,分别。这表明研究区域的含水层由于自然地质因素和人为来源而受到污染。这些来源包括工业废水的排放，市政废水，采矿活动,农业实践,岩石的风化，岩石和水之间的相互作用。空间分布图清楚地说明了整个研究区域中PTEs的广泛动员。此外，我们进行了一项健康风险评估,以评估儿童和成人摄入饮用水地下水对PTEs的潜在不良健康影响.健康风险评估结果显示了As的平均致癌值，Cr,儿童体内的铅和镍计算为(1.88E-04)，(2.61E-04),(2.16E-02),and(5.74E-05),分别。同样，成人中上述PTE的平均致癌值为（2.39E-05），(3.32E-05),(1.19E-03),和（7.29E-06）。As的总危险指数值，Zn,Cr,Pb,Mn,Cu,儿童的Ni为（9.07E+00），（9.95E-07），(4.59E-04),(5.75E-04),(4.72E-05),(2.78E-03),和（5.27E-05）。分析显示，与本研究中研究的其他PTE相比，As对研究区域的人群具有不利影响。
