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Abstract：
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common histological form of head and neck tumors (HNTs), which originate from the epithelium of the lips and oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, salivary glands, nasal cavity, and sinuses. The main risk factors include consumption of tobacco in all forms and alcohol, as well as infections with high-risk human papillomaviruses or the Epstein-Barr virus. Regardless of the etiological agent, the risk of developing different types of HNTs is from two to more than six times higher in males than in females. The reason for such disparities probably lies in a combination of both biological and psychosocial factors. Therefore, it is hypothesized that exposure to female sex hormones, primarily estrogen, provides women with protection against the formation and metastasis of HNTs. In this review, we synthesized available knowledge on the role of estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERs) in the development and progression of HNTs, with special emphasis on membrane ERs, which are much less studied. We can summarize that in addition to epidemiologic studies unequivocally pointing to the protective effect of estrogen in women, an increased expression of both nuclear ERs, ERα, and ERβ, and membrane ERs, ERα36, GPER1, and NaV1.2, was present in different types of HNSCC, for which anti-estrogens could be used as an effective therapeutic approach.
摘要：
头颈部鳞状细胞癌（HNSCC）是头颈部肿瘤（HNTs）最常见的组织学形式，起源于嘴唇和口腔的上皮，咽部,喉部,唾液腺,鼻腔,和鼻窦。主要风险因素包括消费各种形式的烟草和酒精，以及高危型人乳头瘤病毒或EB病毒感染。不管病因是什么，男性患不同类型HNTs的风险比女性高2至6倍以上。造成这种差异的原因可能在于生物和社会心理因素的结合。因此,假设暴露于女性性激素，主要是雌激素，为女性提供保护，防止HNTs的形成和转移。在这次审查中,我们合成了有关雌激素和雌激素受体（ERs）在HNTs发育和进展中的作用的现有知识，特别强调膜ER，这些研究要少得多。我们可以总结一下，除了流行病学研究明确指出雌激素对女性的保护作用之外，两个核ER的表达增加，ERα,和ERβ，和膜ER，ERα36、GPER1和NaV1.2存在于不同类型的HNSCC中，抗雌激素可作为一种有效的治疗方法。
