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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: B-box (BBX) proteins are a type of zinc finger proteins containing one or two B-box domains. They play important roles in development and diverse stress responses of plants, yet their roles in wheat remain unclear.
RESULTS: In this study, 96 BBX genes were identified in the wheat genome and classified into five subfamilies. Subcellular localization prediction results showed that 68 TaBBXs were localized in the nucleus. Protein interaction prediction analysis indicated that interaction was one way that these proteins exerted their functions. Promoter analysis indicated that TaBBXs may play important roles in light signal, hormone, and stress responses. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that 14 TaBBXs were highly expressed in seeds compared with other tissues. These were probably involved in seed dormancy and germination, and their expression patterns were investigated during dormancy acquisition and release in the seeds of wheat varieties Jing 411 and Hongmangchun 21, showing significant differences in seed dormancy and germination phenotypes. Subcellular localization analysis confirmed that the three candidates TaBBX2-2 A, TaBBX4-2 A, and TaBBX11-2D were nuclear proteins. Transcriptional self-activation experiments further demonstrated that TaBBX4-2A was transcriptionally active, but TaBBX2-2A and TaBBX11-2D were not. Protein interaction analysis revealed that TaBBX2-2A, TaBBX4-2A, and TaBBX11-2D had no interaction with each other, while TaBBX2-2A and TaBBX11-2D interacted with each other, indicating that TaBBX4-2A may regulate seed dormancy and germination by transcriptional regulation, and TaBBX2-2A and TaBBX11-2D may regulate seed dormancy and germination by forming a homologous complex.
CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the wheat BBX gene family was identified and characterized at the genomic level by bioinformatics analysis. These observations provide a theoretical basis for future studies on the functions of BBXs in wheat and other species.
RESULTS: In this study, 96 BBX genes were identified in the wheat genome and classified into five subfamilies. Subcellular localization prediction results showed that 68 TaBBXs were localized in the nucleus. Protein interaction prediction analysis indicated that interaction was one way that these proteins exerted their functions. Promoter analysis indicated that TaBBXs may play important roles in light signal, hormone, and stress responses. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that 14 TaBBXs were highly expressed in seeds compared with other tissues. These were probably involved in seed dormancy and germination, and their expression patterns were investigated during dormancy acquisition and release in the seeds of wheat varieties Jing 411 and Hongmangchun 21, showing significant differences in seed dormancy and germination phenotypes. Subcellular localization analysis confirmed that the three candidates TaBBX2-2 A, TaBBX4-2 A, and TaBBX11-2D were nuclear proteins. Transcriptional self-activation experiments further demonstrated that TaBBX4-2A was transcriptionally active, but TaBBX2-2A and TaBBX11-2D were not. Protein interaction analysis revealed that TaBBX2-2A, TaBBX4-2A, and TaBBX11-2D had no interaction with each other, while TaBBX2-2A and TaBBX11-2D interacted with each other, indicating that TaBBX4-2A may regulate seed dormancy and germination by transcriptional regulation, and TaBBX2-2A and TaBBX11-2D may regulate seed dormancy and germination by forming a homologous complex.
CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the wheat BBX gene family was identified and characterized at the genomic level by bioinformatics analysis. These observations provide a theoretical basis for future studies on the functions of BBXs in wheat and other species.
摘要：
背景：B盒（BBX）蛋白是一类含有一个或两个B盒结构域的锌指蛋白。它们在植物的发育和多种胁迫反应中起着重要作用，然而，它们在小麦中的作用仍不清楚。
结果：在这项研究中，在小麦基因组中鉴定出96个BBX基因，并将其分为五个亚家族。亚细胞定位预测结果显示68个TaBBXs定位于细胞核内。蛋白质相互作用预测分析表明，相互作用是这些蛋白质发挥其功能的一种方式。启动子分析表明TaBBX可能在光信号中发挥重要作用。激素，和应激反应。qRT-PCR分析显示，与其他组织相比，14种TaBBX在种子中高表达。这些可能与种子休眠和发芽有关，并在小麦品种Jing411和红芒春21的种子休眠获取和释放过程中研究了它们的表达模式，表明种子休眠和发芽表型存在显着差异。亚细胞定位分析证实三个候选物TaBBX2-2A,TaBBX4-2A,TaBBX11-2D是核蛋白。转录自激活实验进一步证明TaBBX4-2A具有转录活性,但TaBBX2-2A和TaBBX11-2D没有。蛋白质相互作用分析显示TaBBX2-2A,TaBBX4-2A,TaBBX11-2D彼此之间没有相互作用，而TaBBX2-2A和TaBBX11-2D相互作用，说明TaBBX4-2A可能通过转录调控调控种子休眠和萌发，TaBBX2-2A和TaBBX11-2D可能通过形成同源复合物来调节种子休眠和萌发。
结论：在这项研究中，通过生物信息学分析在基因组水平上鉴定并表征了小麦BBX基因家族。这些观察结果为将来研究BBXs在小麦和其他物种中的功能提供了理论基础。
结果：在这项研究中，在小麦基因组中鉴定出96个BBX基因，并将其分为五个亚家族。亚细胞定位预测结果显示68个TaBBXs定位于细胞核内。蛋白质相互作用预测分析表明，相互作用是这些蛋白质发挥其功能的一种方式。启动子分析表明TaBBX可能在光信号中发挥重要作用。激素，和应激反应。qRT-PCR分析显示，与其他组织相比，14种TaBBX在种子中高表达。这些可能与种子休眠和发芽有关，并在小麦品种Jing411和红芒春21的种子休眠获取和释放过程中研究了它们的表达模式，表明种子休眠和发芽表型存在显着差异。亚细胞定位分析证实三个候选物TaBBX2-2A,TaBBX4-2A,TaBBX11-2D是核蛋白。转录自激活实验进一步证明TaBBX4-2A具有转录活性,但TaBBX2-2A和TaBBX11-2D没有。蛋白质相互作用分析显示TaBBX2-2A,TaBBX4-2A,TaBBX11-2D彼此之间没有相互作用，而TaBBX2-2A和TaBBX11-2D相互作用，说明TaBBX4-2A可能通过转录调控调控种子休眠和萌发，TaBBX2-2A和TaBBX11-2D可能通过形成同源复合物来调节种子休眠和萌发。
结论：在这项研究中，通过生物信息学分析在基因组水平上鉴定并表征了小麦BBX基因家族。这些观察结果为将来研究BBXs在小麦和其他物种中的功能提供了理论基础。
