Abstract：
The changing of microbiome could precede the development of coeliac disease (CeD). We compared the bacterial profile of microbiota of tissues collected simultaneously from the stomach and duodenum in newly diagnosed patients with CeD. Biopsies were collected from 60 children and adolescents aged 2-18 years: (1) 40 patients with CeD; (2) 20 children as control group. The evaluation of the bacterial microbiota was carried out by sequencing the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA subunit, using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The composition of bacterial microbiota was correlated with clinical and blood parameters. The beta diversity analysis revealed a significant dissimilarity in the gastric samples between the CeD and control group (Bray-Curtis index, P = 0.008, and weighted UniFrac distance, P = 0.024). At L2 (phylum level), Campylobacterota was only present in the stomach of the CeD group. A comparison of the abundance of bacteria between the stomach and duodenum showed significant differences in 10 OTUs (operational taxonomic units) in the control and 9 OTUs in the CeD group at L6 (genus) and in 8 OTUs and in 6 OTUs, respectively, at L7 (species). A significant correlation was observed between the genus Novosphingobium in stomach of CeD group and possession of the DQ2.5 and DQ 8 allele, and in the duodenum - between the DQ 8 allele and the species Blautia wexlerae. Significant differences in selected, little-known genera of bacteria suggest their potential role as new biomarkers in the development of CeD. To fully understand the mechanism of CeD development in genetically predisposed individuals, it is necessary to take into account not only the abundance of a given genus or species of bacteria, but also the anatomical location of its occurrence.
摘要：
微生物组的变化可能先于乳糜泻（CeD）的发展。我们比较了新诊断的CeD患者同时从胃和十二指肠收集的组织微生物群的细菌谱。收集了60例2-18岁儿童和青少年的活检标本：（1）40例CeD患者；（2）20例儿童作为对照组。通过对16SrRNA亚基的V3-V4区域进行测序，对细菌微生物群进行评估。使用下一代测序（NGS）。细菌微生物群的组成与临床和血液参数相关。β多样性分析显示，CeD和对照组之间的胃样本存在显着差异（Bray-Curtis指数，P=0.008，加权UniFrac距离，P=0.024)。在L2（门水平），弯曲杆菌仅存在于CeD组的胃中。胃和十二指肠之间细菌丰度的比较显示，在L6（属）和8个OTU和6个OTU中，对照中的10个OTU（操作分类单位）和CeD组中的9个OTU存在显着差异，分别,在L7（物种）。CeD组胃中的Novosphingoum属与DQ2.5和DQ8等位基因的拥有之间观察到显着的相关性。在十二指肠中-在DQ8等位基因和布劳特氏菌之间。选定的显著差异，鲜为人知的细菌属表明它们在CeD的发展中作为新的生物标志物的潜在作用。为了充分了解基因易感个体中CeD发育的机制，不仅要考虑给定的细菌属或物种的丰度，还有它发生的解剖位置。
