Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: Previous research highlighted the importance of investigating distinct protective factors that predict the experience of positive emotions during stressful situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. In this longitudinal study, we specifically focused on positive expectancies towards the future (optimism, response expectancy, and response hope) in relation to the experience of positive emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our primary objectives were to identify the best predictors for experiencing short-term and long-term positive emotions and investigate their interrelationships.
UNASSIGNED: Data from 271 participants (average age = 29.2 years, 84.7% female) were analyzed using four cross-lagged models.
UNASSIGNED: Results showed that response expectancy was the best predictor for experiencing positive emotions in the short term, while optimism was the best predictor for experiencing positive emotions in the long term. Additionally, through further exploratory analysis, multiple bidirectional relationships were identified between positive expectancies and positive emotions.
UNASSIGNED: Our results highlight the significant role played by positive expectancies in predicting the experience of positive emotions. Specifically, dispositional optimism emerged as a stronger predictor of longer-term positive emotions, whereas response expectancy proved to be a better predictor of shorter-term positive emotions. Thus, interventions targeting positive expectancies have the potential to enhance emotional functioning in individuals during challenging situations like the COVID-19 pandemic.
Response expectancy positively predicts positive emotions in the short term.Optimism positively predicts positive emotions in the long term.Response expectancy positively predicts optimism in the short and long term.Response expectancy positively predicts response hope in the short term.Response hope negatively predicts optimism in the short and long term.Positive emotions positively predict positive expectancies (response expectancy, response hope, and optimism) on short term.The discrepancy score negatively predicts positive emotions in the short term.The discrepancy score negatively predicts optimism in the short and long term.
UNASSIGNED: Data from 271 participants (average age = 29.2 years, 84.7% female) were analyzed using four cross-lagged models.
UNASSIGNED: Results showed that response expectancy was the best predictor for experiencing positive emotions in the short term, while optimism was the best predictor for experiencing positive emotions in the long term. Additionally, through further exploratory analysis, multiple bidirectional relationships were identified between positive expectancies and positive emotions.
UNASSIGNED: Our results highlight the significant role played by positive expectancies in predicting the experience of positive emotions. Specifically, dispositional optimism emerged as a stronger predictor of longer-term positive emotions, whereas response expectancy proved to be a better predictor of shorter-term positive emotions. Thus, interventions targeting positive expectancies have the potential to enhance emotional functioning in individuals during challenging situations like the COVID-19 pandemic.
Response expectancy positively predicts positive emotions in the short term.Optimism positively predicts positive emotions in the long term.Response expectancy positively predicts optimism in the short and long term.Response expectancy positively predicts response hope in the short term.Response hope negatively predicts optimism in the short and long term.Positive emotions positively predict positive expectancies (response expectancy, response hope, and optimism) on short term.The discrepancy score negatively predicts positive emotions in the short term.The discrepancy score negatively predicts optimism in the short and long term.
摘要：
■先前的研究强调了调查不同的保护因素的重要性，这些因素可以预测在压力情况下的积极情绪体验，例如COVID-19大流行。在这项纵向研究中，我们特别关注对未来的积极预期(乐观，反应预期，和反应希望)与COVID-19大流行期间积极情绪的经历有关。我们的主要目标是确定体验短期和长期积极情绪的最佳预测因子，并研究它们之间的相互关系。
■来自271名参与者的数据（平均年龄=29.2岁，84.7%的女性)使用四个交叉滞后模型进行分析。
■结果表明，反应预期是短期内体验积极情绪的最佳预测指标，而乐观是长期体验积极情绪的最佳预测因素。此外,通过进一步的探索性分析，在积极期望和积极情绪之间发现了多重双向关系.
■我们的结果强调了积极预期在预测积极情绪体验方面所起的重要作用。具体来说,性格乐观是长期积极情绪的更强预测指标，而反应预期被证明是短期积极情绪的更好预测指标。因此，在COVID-19大流行等具有挑战性的情况下，针对积极预期的干预措施有可能增强个体的情绪功能。
反应预期在短期内积极预测积极情绪。乐观积极预测长期的积极情绪。反应预期积极预测短期和长期的乐观情绪。反应预期在短期内积极预测反应希望。反应希望负面地预测短期和长期的乐观情绪。积极情绪积极预测积极的期望(反应预期，回应希望，和乐观）短期。差异分数在短期内负面预测积极情绪。差异分数对短期和长期的乐观情绪有负面影响。
■来自271名参与者的数据（平均年龄=29.2岁，84.7%的女性)使用四个交叉滞后模型进行分析。
■结果表明，反应预期是短期内体验积极情绪的最佳预测指标，而乐观是长期体验积极情绪的最佳预测因素。此外,通过进一步的探索性分析，在积极期望和积极情绪之间发现了多重双向关系.
■我们的结果强调了积极预期在预测积极情绪体验方面所起的重要作用。具体来说,性格乐观是长期积极情绪的更强预测指标，而反应预期被证明是短期积极情绪的更好预测指标。因此，在COVID-19大流行等具有挑战性的情况下，针对积极预期的干预措施有可能增强个体的情绪功能。
反应预期在短期内积极预测积极情绪。乐观积极预测长期的积极情绪。反应预期积极预测短期和长期的乐观情绪。反应预期在短期内积极预测反应希望。反应希望负面地预测短期和长期的乐观情绪。积极情绪积极预测积极的期望(反应预期，回应希望，和乐观）短期。差异分数在短期内负面预测积极情绪。差异分数对短期和长期的乐观情绪有负面影响。
