Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the efficacy of sponge wipe sampling at recovering potential bacterial surrogates for Category A and B non-spore-forming bacterial bioterrorism agents from hard, nonporous surfaces.
METHODS: A literature survey identified seven nonpathogenic bacteria as potential surrogates for selected Category A and B non-spore-forming bacterial agents. Small (2 × 4 cm) and large (35.6 × 35.6 cm) coupons made from either stainless steel, plastic, or glass, were inoculated and utilized to assess persistence and surface sampling efficiency, respectively. Three commercially available premoistened sponge wipes (3M™, Sani-Stick®, and Solar-Cult®) were evaluated.
RESULTS: Mean recoveries from persistence testing indicated that three microorganisms (Yersinia ruckeri, Escherichia coli, and Serratia marcescens) demonstrated sufficient persistence across all tested material types. Sampling of large inoculated (≥107 CFU per sample) coupons resulted in mean recoveries ranging from 6.6 to 3.4 Log10 CFU per sample. Mean recoveries for the Solar-Cult®, 3M™ sponge wipes, and Sani-Sticks® across all test organisms and all material types were ≥5.7, ≥3.7, and ≥3.4 Log10 CFU per sample, respectively. Mean recoveries for glass, stainless steel, and ABS plastic across all test organisms and all sponge types were ≥3.8, ≥3.7, and ≥3.4 Log10 CFU per sample, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Recovery results suggest that sponge wipe sampling can effectively be used to recover non-spore-forming bacterial cells from hard, nonporous surfaces such as stainless steel, ABS plastic, and glass.
METHODS: A literature survey identified seven nonpathogenic bacteria as potential surrogates for selected Category A and B non-spore-forming bacterial agents. Small (2 × 4 cm) and large (35.6 × 35.6 cm) coupons made from either stainless steel, plastic, or glass, were inoculated and utilized to assess persistence and surface sampling efficiency, respectively. Three commercially available premoistened sponge wipes (3M™, Sani-Stick®, and Solar-Cult®) were evaluated.
RESULTS: Mean recoveries from persistence testing indicated that three microorganisms (Yersinia ruckeri, Escherichia coli, and Serratia marcescens) demonstrated sufficient persistence across all tested material types. Sampling of large inoculated (≥107 CFU per sample) coupons resulted in mean recoveries ranging from 6.6 to 3.4 Log10 CFU per sample. Mean recoveries for the Solar-Cult®, 3M™ sponge wipes, and Sani-Sticks® across all test organisms and all material types were ≥5.7, ≥3.7, and ≥3.4 Log10 CFU per sample, respectively. Mean recoveries for glass, stainless steel, and ABS plastic across all test organisms and all sponge types were ≥3.8, ≥3.7, and ≥3.4 Log10 CFU per sample, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Recovery results suggest that sponge wipe sampling can effectively be used to recover non-spore-forming bacterial cells from hard, nonporous surfaces such as stainless steel, ABS plastic, and glass.
摘要：
目的：评估海绵擦拭取样在从坚硬的无孔表面回收A类和B类非孢子形成细菌生物恐怖主义剂的潜在细菌替代物方面的功效。
方法：一项文献调查确定了7种非致病性细菌作为选定的A类和B类非孢子形成细菌的潜在替代品。由不锈钢制成的小（2x4厘米）和大（35.6-35.6厘米）试样，塑料,或玻璃，接种并用于评估持久性，和表面采样效率，分别。三种市售预润湿海绵湿巾(3M™,Sani-Stick®,和Solar-Cult®)进行了评估。
结果：持久性测试的平均回收率表明，三种微生物（拉氏耶尔森氏菌，大肠杆菌,和粘质沙雷菌）在所有测试材料类型中都表现出足够的持久性。大接种样品(每个样品≥107CFU)取样导致每个样品的平均回收率为6.6至3.4Log10CFU。Solar-Cult®的平均回收率，3M™海绵湿巾,所有测试生物和所有材料类型的Sani-Sticks®均≥5.7、≥3.7和≥3.4Log10CFU/样品,分别。玻璃的平均回收率，不锈钢,所有测试生物和所有海绵类型的ABS塑料为每个样品≥3.8、≥3.7和≥3.4Log10CFU,分别。
结论：回收结果表明，海绵擦拭取样可以有效地用于从硬细菌中回收非孢子形成细菌细胞，无孔表面，如不锈钢，ABS塑料,和玻璃。
方法：一项文献调查确定了7种非致病性细菌作为选定的A类和B类非孢子形成细菌的潜在替代品。由不锈钢制成的小（2x4厘米）和大（35.6-35.6厘米）试样，塑料,或玻璃，接种并用于评估持久性，和表面采样效率，分别。三种市售预润湿海绵湿巾(3M™,Sani-Stick®,和Solar-Cult®)进行了评估。
结果：持久性测试的平均回收率表明，三种微生物（拉氏耶尔森氏菌，大肠杆菌,和粘质沙雷菌）在所有测试材料类型中都表现出足够的持久性。大接种样品(每个样品≥107CFU)取样导致每个样品的平均回收率为6.6至3.4Log10CFU。Solar-Cult®的平均回收率，3M™海绵湿巾,所有测试生物和所有材料类型的Sani-Sticks®均≥5.7、≥3.7和≥3.4Log10CFU/样品,分别。玻璃的平均回收率，不锈钢,所有测试生物和所有海绵类型的ABS塑料为每个样品≥3.8、≥3.7和≥3.4Log10CFU,分别。
结论：回收结果表明，海绵擦拭取样可以有效地用于从硬细菌中回收非孢子形成细菌细胞，无孔表面，如不锈钢，ABS塑料,和玻璃。
