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Abstract：
Background and objective Kidney stones, also referred to as nephrolithiasis or renal calculi, is a condition where crystal depositions are formed within the kidney and ideally excreted from the body via the urethra with no pain; however, larger calculi may cause significant pain and require further medical assistance. The vast majority of patients who develop renal calculi form calcium stones, which are either a composition of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. Other types include uric acid, struvite, and cysteine. While kidney stones are one of the most significant diseases among the Saudi population, which require an acute emergency intervention to prevent serious long-term complications, there are limited studies published regarding this condition in Saudi communities. In light of this, we performed this study to assess the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of kidney stones among the population of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between August and October 2023, aiming to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of nephrolithiasis among residents of the Riyadh province. Data were collected through an electronic questionnaire in both Arabic and English and distributed via social media in addition to barcode handouts in various selected venues in Riyadh. The questionnaire involved 12 questions categorized into three sections. The first section obtained demographical information while the second section collected data about the past medical history of the participants. Lastly, the third section aimed to assess the prevalence of nephrolithiasis among participants or any history of the condition among their families. Results A total of 1,043 participants were surveyed, of whom 533 were males (51.1%). The prevalence of kidney stones was reported in 98 individuals (9.4%) overall. Individuals in the age groups of 36-50, 51-60, and >60 years showed significantly more renal stone prevalence than those in younger age groups (p<0.001). The prevalence was found to be higher in participants who were smokers, diabetic, hypertensive, and those who suffered from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), gout, chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperthyroidism, and hyperparathyroidism. Participants who took calcium supplements or had a positive family history of renal stones were found to have a higher prevalence of renal stones as well. However, only hypertension, gout, and family history showed any statistical significance (p<0.05). Conclusions A direct correlation was observed between hypertension, gout, positive family history, and aging and an increased prevalence of kidney stones among the inhabitants of the Riyadh province. Therefore, we encourage the local authorities to raise awareness of kidney stones and their related risk factors among the general public. Moreover, further local studies need to be conducted to gain deeper insights into kidney stone prevalence, especially pertaining to associated comorbidities and the pattern of the disease itself.
摘要：
背景和客观肾结石，也称为肾结石或肾结石，是在肾脏内形成晶体沉积并理想地通过尿道从体内排泄而没有疼痛的情况；但是，较大的结石可能会导致严重的疼痛，需要进一步的医疗援助。绝大多数发生肾结石的病人形成钙质结石,它们是草酸钙或磷酸钙的组合物。其他类型包括尿酸，鸟粪石,还有半胱氨酸.虽然肾结石是沙特人口中最重要的疾病之一，这需要紧急干预以防止严重的长期并发症，在沙特社区发表的关于这种情况的研究有限。鉴于此,我们进行这项研究来评估患病率，发病率,利雅得人群中肾结石的危险因素，沙特阿拉伯。方法这是一项在利雅得进行的横断面研究，沙特阿拉伯在2023年8月至10月之间，旨在评估利雅得省居民中肾结石的患病率和危险因素。数据是通过阿拉伯文和英文的电子问卷收集的，除了在利雅得的各个选定地点的条形码讲义外，还通过社交媒体分发。问卷涉及12个问题，分为三个部分。第一部分获得人口统计信息，而第二部分收集有关参与者过去病史的数据。最后,第三部分旨在评估参与者中肾结石的患病率或其家庭中的任何病史。结果共调查了1043名参与者,其中533人为男性(51.1%)。据报道，肾结石的患病率为98例（9.4％）。36-50岁、51-60岁和>60岁年龄组的个体显示肾结石患病率明显高于年轻年龄组(p<0.001)。发现吸烟者的患病率更高，糖尿病,高血压，和那些患有炎症性肠病（IBD）的人，痛风,慢性肾脏病（CKD），甲状腺功能亢进,和甲状旁腺功能亢进.服用钙补充剂或有肾结石家族史的参与者也发现肾结石的患病率更高。然而,只有高血压，痛风,家族史有统计学意义(p<0.05)。结论高血压之间存在直接相关性，痛风,积极的家族史，利雅得省居民的老龄化和肾结石患病率增加。因此,我们鼓励地方当局提高公众对肾结石及其相关危险因素的认识。此外，需要进行进一步的本地研究，以更深入地了解肾结石的患病率，特别是与相关的合并症和疾病本身的模式有关。
