Abstract：
The East Kolkata Wetlands (EKWT), designated as a Ramsar Site for its crucial role in sewage water purification, agriculture and pisciculture, faces escalating environmental threats due to rapid urbanisation. Employing the pressure-state-response (PSR) framework and Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA), this study spans three decades to elucidate the evolving dynamics of EKWT. Using Landsat TM and OLI images from 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021, the research identifies key parameters within the PSR framework. Principal component analysis generates environmental risk maps, revealing a 46% increase in urbanisation, leading to reduced vegetation cover and altered land surface conditions. The spatial analysis, utilizing Getis-Ord Gi* statistics, pinpoints risk hotspots and coldspots in the EKWT region. Correlation analysis underscores a robust relationship between urbanisation, climatic response and environmental risk. Decadal ERA exposes a noteworthy surge in high-risk areas, indicating a deteriorating trend. Quantitative assessments pinpoint environmental risk hotspots, emphasizing the imperative for targeted conservation measures. The study establishes a direct correlation between environmental risk and air quality, underscoring the broader implications of EKWT\'s degradation. While acknowledging the East Kolkata administration\'s efforts, the research recognises its limitations and advocates a holistic, multidisciplinary approach for future investigations. Recommendations encompass the establishment of effective institutions, real-time monitoring, public engagement and robust anti-pollution measures. In offering quantitative insights, this study provides an evidence-based foundation for conservation strategies and sustainable management practices essential to safeguard the East Kolkata Wetlands.
摘要：
东加尔各答湿地（EKWT），因其在污水净化中的关键作用而被指定为拉姆萨尔遗址，农业和养鱼业,由于快速城市化，面临着不断升级的环境威胁。采用压力-状态-响应(PSR)框架和环境风险评估(ERA)，这项研究历时三十年，以阐明EKWT的演变动态。使用1991年，2001年，2011年和2021年的LandsatTM和OLI图像，该研究确定了PSR框架内的关键参数。主成分分析生成环境风险图，显示城市化增长了46%，导致植被覆盖减少和地表条件改变。空间分析,利用GETIS-OrdGi*统计数据，精确定位EKWT地区的风险热点和冷点。相关分析强调了城市化之间的稳健关系，气候响应和环境风险。十年ERA暴露了高风险地区的显着激增，表明趋势恶化。定量评估查明环境风险热点，强调必须采取有针对性的保护措施。该研究建立了环境风险与空气质量之间的直接关联，强调了EKWT退化的更广泛影响。在承认东加尔各答政府的努力的同时，这项研究认识到它的局限性，并主张一种整体，未来调查的多学科方法。建议包括建立有效的机构，实时监控,公众参与和强有力的防污染措施。在提供定量见解时，这项研究为保护东加尔各答湿地所必需的保护策略和可持续管理实践提供了循证基础。
