PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
BACKGROUND: The complex interplay of social and environmental factors shapes ecosystems, potentially leading to harmony or conflict, highlighting the importance of understanding these dynamics for coexistence. In developing countries, firewood serves as a primary energy source and plays a role in cultural-religious rituals and festivities. However, the specific patterns of woody species used for the latter remain poorly understood, including the impact of access restrictions to resources and local bans on practices. Therefore, our research focuses on examining how access restrictions to forest resources and bonfire bans due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) impact the cultural-religious tradition of bonfire making during Festas Juninas (June festivities) in northeastern Brazil.
METHODS: Ethnobotanical fieldwork was conducted in two rural populations in northeastern Brazil between 2021 and 2022. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observations, and the guided tour technique. The cultural-religious tradition of bonfire making (i.e., richness of native and exotic firewood species, firewood volume, and the number of bonfires related to this practice) was compared between populations (i.e., differing in access restrictions) and years (i.e., differing in COVID-19-related bans) using Mann-Whitney U tests.
RESULTS: Results revealed significant differences in the richness of native (p value = 0.001) and exotic (p value < 0.001) firewood species for bonfire making due to access restrictions to forest resources. The number of native species used was higher among the population residing in the area with unrestricted access than among those with restricted access, while a greater number of exotic species was used in the population with restricted access. The rest of the variables were not influenced by access restrictions, and no variables were influenced by COVID-19 bans.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that access restrictions to forest resources, rather than COVID-19 bans, drive the selection of firewood species for bonfires during Festas Juninas in northeastern Brazil. In addition, as populations remain deeply entrenched in cultural-religious practices amid temporary bans imposed by health crises, there is a pressing need for culturally sensitive environmental policies. Fostering socio-ecological resilience demands a comprehensive approach that encompasses not only environmental factors but also cultural dimensions, which wield a pivotal influence on long-term sustainability.
METHODS: Ethnobotanical fieldwork was conducted in two rural populations in northeastern Brazil between 2021 and 2022. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observations, and the guided tour technique. The cultural-religious tradition of bonfire making (i.e., richness of native and exotic firewood species, firewood volume, and the number of bonfires related to this practice) was compared between populations (i.e., differing in access restrictions) and years (i.e., differing in COVID-19-related bans) using Mann-Whitney U tests.
RESULTS: Results revealed significant differences in the richness of native (p value = 0.001) and exotic (p value < 0.001) firewood species for bonfire making due to access restrictions to forest resources. The number of native species used was higher among the population residing in the area with unrestricted access than among those with restricted access, while a greater number of exotic species was used in the population with restricted access. The rest of the variables were not influenced by access restrictions, and no variables were influenced by COVID-19 bans.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that access restrictions to forest resources, rather than COVID-19 bans, drive the selection of firewood species for bonfires during Festas Juninas in northeastern Brazil. In addition, as populations remain deeply entrenched in cultural-religious practices amid temporary bans imposed by health crises, there is a pressing need for culturally sensitive environmental policies. Fostering socio-ecological resilience demands a comprehensive approach that encompasses not only environmental factors but also cultural dimensions, which wield a pivotal influence on long-term sustainability.
摘要：
背景：社会和环境因素的复杂相互作用塑造了生态系统，可能导致和谐或冲突，强调理解这些动态对于共存的重要性。在发展中国家,木柴是主要能源，在文化宗教仪式和庆祝活动中发挥着作用。然而,用于后者的木本植物的具体模式仍然知之甚少，包括对资源的访问限制和当地对实践的禁令的影响。因此,我们的研究重点是研究由于2019年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）而导致的森林资源限制和篝火禁令如何影响巴西东北部FestasJuninas（6月庆祝活动）期间篝火制作的文化宗教传统。
方法：在2021年至2022年期间，在巴西东北部的两个农村人口中进行了民族植物学野外工作。数据是通过半结构化访谈收集的，观察,和导游技术。篝火制作的文化宗教传统(即，丰富的本地和外来木柴物种，木柴量,以及与这种做法相关的篝火数量)在人群之间进行了比较(即，访问限制不同)和年份(即，与COVID-19相关的禁令不同)使用Mann-WhitneyU检验。
结果：结果显示，由于森林资源的使用限制，篝火制作的本地（p值=0.001）和外来（p值<0.001）木柴物种的丰富度存在显着差异。居住在不受限制进入地区的人口中，使用的本地物种数量高于受限制进入地区的人口，而在限制进入的人群中使用了更多的外来物种。其余变量不受访问限制的影响，没有变量受到COVID-19禁令的影响。
结论：我们的研究表明，对森林资源的获取限制，而不是COVID-19禁令，在巴西东北部的FestasJuninas期间，为篝火选择木柴品种。此外,由于健康危机实施的暂时禁令，人们仍然深深扎根于文化宗教习俗中，迫切需要对文化敏感的环境政策。培养社会生态复原力需要采取全面的方法，不仅包括环境因素，还包括文化层面，对长期可持续性产生了举足轻重的影响。
方法：在2021年至2022年期间，在巴西东北部的两个农村人口中进行了民族植物学野外工作。数据是通过半结构化访谈收集的，观察,和导游技术。篝火制作的文化宗教传统(即，丰富的本地和外来木柴物种，木柴量,以及与这种做法相关的篝火数量)在人群之间进行了比较(即，访问限制不同)和年份(即，与COVID-19相关的禁令不同)使用Mann-WhitneyU检验。
结果：结果显示，由于森林资源的使用限制，篝火制作的本地（p值=0.001）和外来（p值<0.001）木柴物种的丰富度存在显着差异。居住在不受限制进入地区的人口中，使用的本地物种数量高于受限制进入地区的人口，而在限制进入的人群中使用了更多的外来物种。其余变量不受访问限制的影响，没有变量受到COVID-19禁令的影响。
结论：我们的研究表明，对森林资源的获取限制，而不是COVID-19禁令，在巴西东北部的FestasJuninas期间，为篝火选择木柴品种。此外,由于健康危机实施的暂时禁令，人们仍然深深扎根于文化宗教习俗中，迫切需要对文化敏感的环境政策。培养社会生态复原力需要采取全面的方法，不仅包括环境因素，还包括文化层面，对长期可持续性产生了举足轻重的影响。
